Productivity of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) in The Netherlands
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Abstract Various forms of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems have been applied in The Netherlands. The systems differ with regard to the temperature at which the energy is stored, the type of energy supply system to which the storage belongs, and the type of user. The paper describes several different applications of ATES systems which may be used for heat storage, cold storage, and combined heat and cold storage. The productivity of these systems varies, and the payback period varies from 0 to 10 years. The paper compares cost-benefits for conventional and cold storage systems above and below ground, and reviews potential applications for industrial and commercial/institutional uses of ATES systems in The Netherlands.