A Recent Progress of Steel Bar Corrosion Diagnostic Techniques in RC Structures

Corrosion of steel bar is one of key factors undermining reinforced concrete (RC) structures in a harsh environment. This paper attempts to review the non-destructive procedures from the aspect of the corrosion measurement techniques, especially their advantages and limitations. Systematical classification of diagnostic methods is carried out to determine any probable corrosion issues before the structures become severe, and helps choose the suitable method according to different construction features. Furthermore, the three electrochemical factors method is introduced to inspire researchers to combine various techniques to improve corrosion evaluation accuracy. The recommendations for future work are summarized, in conclusion.

[1]  Fatih Onur Hocaoglu,et al.  Modeling corrosion currents of reinforced concrete using ANN , 2009 .

[2]  Mohammad Pour-Ghaz,et al.  Quantitative Interpretation of Half-Cell Potential Measurements in Concrete Structures , 2009 .

[3]  Nick Birbilis,et al.  Monitoring the corrosion and remediation of reinforced concrete on‐site: An alternative approach , 2005 .

[4]  H. C. H. CARPENTER,et al.  The Corrosion of Metals , 1915, Nature.

[5]  Junhua Dong,et al.  Corrosion Evolution of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete under Dry/Wet Cyclic Conditions Contaminated with Chloride , 2012 .

[6]  Xiaopeng Dong,et al.  Modification of the wavelength-strain coefficient of FBG for the prediction of steel bar corrosion embedded in concrete , 2012 .

[7]  Yusuke Hasegawa,et al.  Proposal of Corrosion Rate Analytical Model of Reinforced Concrete with Crack , 2006 .

[8]  Andraž Legat,et al.  Copper corrosion monitoring by electrical resistance probes in anoxic groundwater environment in the presence and absence of sulfate reducing bacteria , 2018 .

[9]  S. A. Alghamdi,et al.  Service life prediction of RC structures based on correlation between electrochemical and gravimetric reinforcement corrosion rates , 2014 .

[10]  S. C. Kranc,et al.  COMPUTATION OF REINFORCING STEEL CORROSION DISTRIBUTION IN CONCRETE MARINE BRIDGE SUBSTRUCTURES , 1994 .

[11]  K. J. Lawson,et al.  The Use of Harmonic Analysis to Monitor Steel Rebar Corrosion in Concrete , 1989 .

[12]  J. Gulikers Theoretical considerations on the supposed linear relationship between concrete resistivity and corrosion rate of steel reinforcement , 2005 .

[13]  Feng Xing,et al.  Electrochemical impedance study on steel corrosion in the simulated concrete system with a novel self-healing microcapsule , 2014 .

[14]  M. Büchler,et al.  Potential mapping technique for the detection of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures: Investigation of parameters influencing the measurement and determination of the reliability of the method , 2009 .

[15]  Lu Feng Yang,et al.  Influences of Concrete Resistivity on Corrosion Rate of Steel Bar in Concrete , 2013 .

[16]  Masayasu Ohtsu,et al.  Detection and evaluation of failures in high-strength tendon of prestressed concrete bridges by acoustic emission , 2007 .

[17]  S. Sathiyanarayanan,et al.  Critique of harmonic analysis for corrosion rate measurements , 1994 .

[18]  Mohammad Pour-Ghaz,et al.  A practical method for calculating the corrosion rate of uniformly depassivated reinforcing bars in concrete , 2007 .

[19]  Stephan Fricker,et al.  Site installation and testing of a continuous acoustic monitoring , 2007 .

[20]  Mehdi Nikoo,et al.  Corrosion current density prediction in reinforced concrete by imperialist competitive algorithm , 2014, Neural Computing and Applications.

[21]  Ernesto C. Pereira,et al.  Corrosion of AISI 1020 steel in crude oil studied by the electrochemical noise measurements , 2015 .

[22]  Martin Jönsson,et al.  The use of infrared thermography in the corrosion science area , 2010 .

[23]  Fabio Matta,et al.  Corrosion Damage Quantification of Prestressing Strands Using Acoustic Emission , 2013 .

[24]  K. Grattan,et al.  Monitoring of Corrosion in Structural Reinforcing Bars: Performance Comparison Using In Situ Fiber-Optic and Electric Wire Strain Gauge Systems , 2009, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[25]  Alexander L. Kalamkarov,et al.  The use of Fabry Perot fiber optic sensors to monitor residual strains during pultrusion of FRP composites , 1999 .

[26]  A. van den Berg,et al.  Corrosion Monitoring of Reinforcement Steel Using Galvanostatically Induced Potential Transients , 2016, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[27]  J. I. Mickalonis,et al.  Predictive Models for Determination of Pitting Corrosion Versus Inhibitor Concentrations and Temperature for Radioactive Sludge in Carbon Steel Waste Tanks , 1998 .

[28]  Yan Tang,et al.  Application of Fe-C coated LPFG sensor for early stage corrosion monitoring of steel bar in RC structures , 2018, Construction and Building Materials.

[29]  Yun Bai,et al.  A novel method of embedding distributed optical fiber sensors for structural health monitoring , 2011 .

[30]  Alireza Farhidzadeh,et al.  Damage assessment of steel-plate concrete composite walls by using infrared thermography: a preliminary study , 2016 .

[31]  Masayasu Ohtsu,et al.  Corrosion mechanisms in reinforced concrete by acoustic emission , 2013 .

[32]  David E. Williams,et al.  In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of scale formation during CO2 corrosion of carbon steel in sodium and magnesium chloride solutions , 2012 .

[33]  Fabio Matta,et al.  Acoustic Emission Historic Index and Frequency Spectrum of Reinforced Concrete under Accelerated Corrosion , 2014 .

[34]  Faisal Rafiq Mahamd Adikan,et al.  Non-destructive fiber Bragg grating based sensing system: Early corrosion detection for structural health monitoring , 2017 .

[35]  Junqi Gao,et al.  Monitoring of corrosion in reinforced concrete structure using Bragg grating sensing , 2011 .

[36]  N. Yusa,et al.  Multiprobe Inspection for Enhancing Sizing Ability in Eddy Current Nondestructive Testing , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[37]  Bo Yu,et al.  Probabilistic evaluation method for corrosion risk of steel reinforcement based on concrete resistivity , 2017 .

[38]  Sanjeev Kumar Verma,et al.  Monitoring Corrosion of Steel Bars in Reinforced Concrete Structures , 2014, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[39]  Feng Xing,et al.  Development of technique capable of identifying different corrosion stages in reinforced concrete , 2015 .

[40]  A. I. Sagaidak,et al.  Acoustic emission parameters correlated with fracture and deformation processes of concrete members , 2007 .

[41]  Nicholas J. Carino,et al.  Nondestructive Techniques to Investigate Corrosion Status in Concrete Structures , 1999 .

[42]  B. Ramezanzadeh,et al.  Electrochemical noise investigation of Aloe plant extract as green inhibitor on the corrosion of stainless steel in 1 M H2SO4 , 2015 .

[43]  L. Sadowski Methodology for Assessing the Probability of Corrosion in Concrete Structures on the Basis of Half-Cell Potential and Concrete Resistivity Measurements , 2013, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[44]  Edoardo Proverbio,et al.  Noise removal by cluster analysis after long time AE corrosion monitoring of steel reinforcement in concrete , 2012 .

[45]  Khalil Abed,et al.  Evaluation of Impressed Current Cathodically Protected API 1 650 Tank Bottoms in the Presence of Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitor , 2016 .

[46]  X. F. Qiao,et al.  Design and research of corrosion monitor instrument based on a novel coupon-type electrical resistance probe , 2016 .

[47]  Zhang Yugang Corrosion Severity Assessment of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete by Using Three Electrochemical Factors , 2003 .

[48]  Vladimír Živica,et al.  Utilisation of electrical resistance method for the evaluation of the state of steel reinforcement in concrete and the rate of its corrosion , 2000 .

[49]  S. Sathiyanarayanan,et al.  Corrosion monitoring of steel in concrete by galvanostatic pulse technique , 2006 .

[50]  Ueli M. Angst,et al.  On the Applicability of the Wenner Method for Resistivity Measurements of Concrete , 2014 .

[51]  Ning Zhang,et al.  Optical Sensor for Steel Corrosion Monitoring Based on Etched Fiber Bragg Grating Sputtered With Iron Film , 2015, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[52]  Arvid Hunze,et al.  Eddy Current Testing with Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Sensors and a Pipe-Encircling Excitation for Evaluation of Corrosion under Insulation , 2017, Sensors.

[53]  Baldev Raj,et al.  Intercomparison of gamma scattering, gammatography, and radiography techniques for mild steel nonuniform corrosion detection. , 2011, The Review of scientific instruments.

[54]  Carmen Andrade,et al.  Electrochemical Methods for On-Site Determinations of Corrosion Rates of Rebars , 1996 .

[55]  Antonello Tamburrino,et al.  Concrete rebars inspection by eddy current testing , 2007 .

[56]  Tobi Peter Showunmi Finite element infrared thermography study on concrete and steel-concrete composite structures , 2013 .

[57]  Chen Xu,et al.  Monitoring the Corrosion Process of Reinforced Concrete Using BOTDA and FBG Sensors , 2015, Sensors.

[58]  Carmen Andrade,et al.  Examples of reinforcement corrosion monitoring by embedded sensors in concrete structures , 2009 .

[59]  Naasson P. de Alcantara Identification of steel bars immersed in reinforced concrete based on experimental results of eddy current testing and artificial neural network analysis , 2013 .

[60]  Kok-Sing Lim,et al.  Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Reinforcement Corrosion Measurement in Marine Concrete Structure , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[61]  Seung-Jun Kwon,et al.  Non Destructive Technique for Steel Corrosion Detection Using Heat Induction and IR Thermography , 2012 .

[62]  Y. Rao,et al.  Laser-micromachined Fabry-Perot optical fiber tip sensor for high-resolution temperature-independent measurement of refractive index. , 2008, Optics express.

[63]  Rovshan Hasanov,et al.  Experimental and theoretical calculations on corrosion inhibition of steel in 1 M H2SO4 by crown type polyethers , 2010 .

[64]  Rob B. Polder,et al.  Test methods for on site measurement of resistivity of concrete — a RILEM TC-154 technical recommendation , 2001 .

[65]  Joaquim F. Martins-Filho,et al.  Amplified OTDR Systems for Multipoint Corrosion Monitoring , 2012, Sensors.

[66]  Bin Shi,et al.  Feasibility study on corrosion monitoring of a concrete column with central rebar using BOTDR , 2014 .

[67]  Bao Hong Hao,et al.  The Study to the Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete by Using Galvanostatic Pulse Technique , 2014 .

[68]  John Forbes Olesen,et al.  Monitoring reinforcement corrosion and corrosion-induced cracking using non-destructive x-ray attenuation measurements , 2011 .

[69]  Seung-Jun Kwon,et al.  Evaluation of Chloride Penetration in High Performance Concrete Using Neural Network Algorithm and Micro Pore Structure , 2009 .

[70]  P. A. S. Jorge,et al.  Optical fiber sensor for early warning of corrosion of metal structures , 2017, OCEANS 2017 - Aberdeen.

[71]  L. Sadowski Non-destructive investigation of corrosion current density in steel reinforced concrete by artificial neural networks , 2013 .

[72]  Hyoung-Seok So,et al.  Assessment of Corrosion Rate of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Using Galvanostatic Pulse Transient Technique , 2007 .

[73]  Y. Tan,et al.  Experimental methods designed for measuring corrosion in highly resistive and inhomogeneous media , 2011 .

[74]  J. Jankowski,et al.  Harmonic Synthesis: A Novel Electrochemical Method for Corrosion Rate Monitoring , 2003 .

[75]  Rong Xu,et al.  Research on the Application of the Infrared Thermal Image Method in Detection of Concrete Density of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube , 2012 .

[76]  J. S. Gill,et al.  Corrosion Measurements Derived from Small Perturbation Non-Linearity—Part 1: Harmonic Analysis , 1983 .

[77]  Michael D.A. Thomas,et al.  Influence of crack width, cover depth and concrete quality on corrosion of steel in HPC containing corrosion inhibiting admixtures and fly ash , 2018 .

[78]  Koichi Kobayashi,et al.  Corrosion detection in reinforced concrete using induction heating and infrared thermography , 2011 .

[79]  Kate M. Nairn,et al.  Transient response analysis of steel in concrete , 2003 .

[80]  K. R. Ramakrishnan,et al.  Neural network analysis for corrosion of steel in concrete , 2005 .

[81]  Chang-Geun Cho,et al.  A quantitative analysis of the geometric effects of reinforcement in concrete resistivity measurement above reinforcement , 2015 .

[82]  Linhua Jiang,et al.  Error Estimation of Linear Polarization Resistance Measurement Caused by IR Drop for Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete , 2016 .

[83]  Ahmad Zaki,et al.  Monitoring Fracture of Steel Corroded Reinforced Concrete Members under Flexure by Acoustic Emission Technique , 2017 .

[84]  S. Millard,et al.  Environmental influences on linear polarisation corrosion rate measurement in reinforced concrete , 2001 .

[85]  Gangbing Song,et al.  Monitoring Concrete Deterioration Due to Reinforcement Corrosion by Integrating Acoustic Emission and FBG Strain Measurements , 2017, Sensors.

[86]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Electrochemical noise analysis of pitting corrosion of J55 steel in NaCl + NaHCO3 electrolytes , 2011 .

[87]  Mohammed A. Amin,et al.  Monitoring corrosion and corrosion control of low alloy ASTM A213 grade T22 boiler steel in HCl solutions , 2011 .

[88]  Feng Xing,et al.  Monitoring reinforcement corrosion and corrosion-induced cracking by X-ray microcomputed tomography method , 2017 .

[89]  Wei Sun,et al.  Characterization of corrosion behaviors of steel in concrete by time and frequency domain electrochemical methods , 2012 .

[90]  Jean-Pierre Celis,et al.  On‐line corrosion and corrosion‐wear monitoring using a modified electrochemical noise technique , 2005 .

[91]  Naasson P. de Alcantara,et al.  Corrosion Assessment of Steel Bars Used in Reinforced Concrete Structures by Means of Eddy Current Testing , 2015, Sensors.

[92]  Nader Vahdati,et al.  Strain based FBG sensor for real-time corrosion rate monitoring in pre-stressed structures , 2016 .

[93]  Carolyn M. Hansson,et al.  The influence of internal relative humidity on the rate of corrosion of steel embedded in concrete and mortar , 1994 .

[94]  Kazimierz Darowicki,et al.  Determination of Local Corrosion Current from Individual Harmonic Components , 2017 .

[95]  S. A. Abd El-Maksoud Electrochemical studies on the effect of pyrazolo‐containing compounds on the corrosion of carbon steel in 1 M sulphuric acid , 2003 .

[96]  Ming Jin Research on the Influence of Distance Between the Improved Ag/AgCl RE and the steel on the Corrosion Evaluation in Concrete , 2016 .

[97]  Su-Moon Park,et al.  A Novel Method for Corrosion Reaction Analysis by Fourier Transform Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: Corrosion of 9Cr‐1 Mo Ferritic Steel in 0.050 M H2SO4 , 2013 .

[98]  Moisés R. N. Ribeiro,et al.  Corrosion Resistant FBG-Based Quasi-Distributed Sensor for Crude Oil Tank Dynamic Temperature Profile Monitoring , 2015, Sensors.

[99]  S. Belattar,et al.  The numerical modeling and the infrared thermography principle applied to the analysis of corrosion defects in oil Conduits , 2012 .

[100]  L. Balamurugan,et al.  Reliability of Galvanostatic Pulse Technique in assessing the corrosion rate of rebar in concrete structures: Laboratory vs field studies , 2010 .

[101]  Mohammad Pour-Ghaz,et al.  Experimental verification and application of a practical corrosion model for uniformly depassivated steel in concrete , 2008 .

[102]  Yu Ye Xu,et al.  Corrosion Behavior of HRB400 Reinforcing Steel Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy , 2011 .

[103]  O. A. Hodhod,et al.  Developing an artificial neural network model to evaluate chloride diffusivity in high performance concrete , 2013 .

[104]  J.F. Martins-Filho,et al.  Fiber-optic-based Corrosion Sensor using OTDR , 2007, 2007 IEEE Sensors.

[105]  Yanjun Cui,et al.  The Performance Analysis of Distributed Brillouin Corrosion Sensors for Steel Reinforced Concrete Structures , 2013, Sensors.

[106]  David G. Manning,et al.  CORROSION AND ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE IN CONCRETE , 1985 .

[107]  Kai Osterminski,et al.  Modelling reinforcement corrosion – usability of a factorial approach for modelling resistivity of concrete , 2006 .

[108]  Yan Tang,et al.  Mechanism and sensitivity of Fe-C coated long period fiber grating sensors for steel corrosion monitoring of RC structures , 2017 .

[109]  Shamsad Ahmad,et al.  Empirical modelling of indicators of chloride-induced rebar corrosion , 2000 .

[110]  Michael Raupach,et al.  Half-cell potential measurements—Potential mapping on reinforced concrete structures , 2003 .

[111]  Marton Marosszeky,et al.  Polarisation behaviour of steel bar samples in concrete in seawater. Part 1: Experimental measurement of polarisation curves of steel in concrete , 2008 .

[112]  Gustavo Duffo,et al.  Application of gamma-ray radiography and gravimetric measurements after accelerated corrosion tests of steel embedded in mortar , 2015 .

[113]  Haifeng Lv,et al.  Damage evaluation of concrete based on Brillouin corrosion expansion sensor , 2017 .

[114]  Zahra Mohammadi,et al.  A hybrid intelligent model combining ANN and imperialist competitive algorithm for prediction of corrosion rate in 3C steel under seawater environment , 2017, Neural Computing and Applications.

[115]  C. Souza,et al.  Use of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) to monitoring the corrosion of reinforced concrete Uso da Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIE) para monitoramento da corrosão em concreto armado , 2015 .

[116]  A. S. Tyusenkov,et al.  Improvement of the linear polarization resistance method for testing steel corrosion inhibitors , 2016, Russian Metallurgy (Metally).

[117]  V. Saraswathy,et al.  Corrosion Monitoring of Reinforced Concrete Structures – A Review , 2007, International Journal of Electrochemical Science.

[118]  Yunze He,et al.  Steel Corrosion Characterization Using Pulsed Eddy Current Systems , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[119]  R. Vedalakshmi,et al.  Application of harmonic analysis in measuring the corrosion rate of rebar in concrete , 2009 .

[120]  Raktipong Sahamitmongkol,et al.  Effect of leaching on carbonation resistance and steel corrosion of cement-based materials , 2013 .

[121]  Jinping Ou,et al.  Brillouin Corrosion Expansion Sensors for Steel Reinforced Concrete Structures Using a Fiber Optic Coil Winding Method , 2011, Sensors.

[122]  F. Bernal Castillo,et al.  Remote Measurement of Linear Polarization Resistance In Concrete Structures , 2016 .

[123]  T. Liu,et al.  Modeling the Dynamic Corrosion Process in Chloride Contaminated Concrete Structures , 1998 .

[124]  D. M. SUH,et al.  Corrosion Steel Inspection under Steel Plate Using Pulsed Eddy Current Testing , 2012 .

[125]  C. L. Page,et al.  Relationship between electrochemical noise and corrosion rate of steel in salt contaminated concrete , 1988 .

[126]  Mark G. Stewart,et al.  Structural reliability of concrete bridges including improved chloride-induced corrosion models , 2000 .

[127]  Fahad M. Almutlaq The influence of eaf dust on resistivity of concrete and corrosion of steel bars embedded in concrete , 2014 .

[128]  T. K. Gangopadhyay,et al.  Fibre Bragg gratings in structural health monitoring—Present status and applications , 2008 .

[129]  Adham M. Nagiub,et al.  Comparative Electrochemical Noise Study of the Corrosion of Different Alloys Exposed to Chloride Media , 2014 .

[130]  S. James,et al.  Optical fibre long-period grating sensors: characteristics and application , 2003 .

[131]  Andraž Legat,et al.  Characterization of steel corrosion in mortar by various electrochemical and physical techniques , 2013 .

[132]  Pouria Ghods,et al.  Numerical investigation of the role of embedded reinforcement mesh on electrical resistivity measurements of concrete using the Wenner probe technique , 2016 .

[133]  Erik Schlangen,et al.  Corrosion induced cover cracking studied by X-ray computed tomography, nanoindentation, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) , 2015 .

[134]  S. Shirazi,et al.  Electrical resistance probe measurements of solid particle erosion in multiphase annular flow , 2017 .

[135]  Maria Q. Feng,et al.  Nondestructive Corrosion Detection in RC Through Integrated Heat Induction and IR Thermography , 2012, Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation.

[136]  Ernesto C. Pereira,et al.  Analysis of AISI 1020 steel corrosion in seawater by coupling electrochemical noise and optical microscopy , 2014 .

[137]  Khaled Soudki,et al.  Effectiveness of Impressed Current Technique to Simulate Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete , 2003 .

[138]  Wei Li,et al.  Characterization of Fe-C Alloy Film Optical Fiber Corrosion Sensors by Fractal , 2011 .

[139]  Fardad Azarmi,et al.  Steel bar corrosion monitoring with long-period fiber grating sensors coated with nano iron/silica particles and polyurethane , 2015 .

[140]  Maria Q. Feng,et al.  Analysis of the Electromagnetic Signature of Reinforced Concrete Structures for Nondestructive Evaluation of Corrosion Damage , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[141]  Francisco Presuel-Moreno,et al.  Characterization of New and Old Concrete Structures Using Surface Resistivity Measurements , 2010 .

[142]  C. L. Page,et al.  An investigation of galvanostatic transient methods used to monitor the corrosion rate of steel in concrete , 1993 .

[143]  Steve Millard,et al.  ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CORROSION ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES. , 1999 .

[144]  A. Nanni,et al.  Continuous acoustic emission monitoring of reinforced concrete under accelerated corrosion , 2011, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[145]  R. M. R. Junqueira,et al.  Corrosion monitoring of galvanized steel in soil extract solutions by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy , 2014 .

[146]  G. V. Minesawa,et al.  Eddy current inspection of corrosion defects for concrete embedded steel members , 2014 .

[147]  Ying Lei,et al.  Monitoring corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures via fiber Bragg grating sensors , 2009 .

[148]  Giuseppe Lacidogna,et al.  Damage analysis of reinforced concrete buildings by the acoustic emission technique , 2011 .

[149]  Marco Stampanoni,et al.  Synchrotron X-ray radiography studies of pitting corrosion of stainless steel: extraction of pit propagation parameters , 2015 .

[150]  Gaëlle Fontaine,et al.  Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the corrosion behaviour of galvanized steel and electroplating steel , 2011 .

[151]  Fabio Matta,et al.  Early Corrosion Detection in Prestressed Concrete Girders Using Acoustic Emission , 2014 .

[152]  Wei Liu,et al.  Prediction of Carbon Steel Corrosion Rate Based on an Alternating Conditional Expectation (Ace) Algorithm , 2016, Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils.

[153]  Norio Nakagawa,et al.  Feasibility Study for Detection and Quantification of Corrosion in Bridge Barrier Rails , 2013 .

[154]  N. R. Short,et al.  Factors affecting the corrosion rate of steel in carbonated mortars , 1991 .

[155]  Ali Ehsani,et al.  A study of the galvanic corrosion of titanium/L 316 stainless steel in artificial seawater using electrochemical noise (EN) measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) , 2011 .

[156]  Karen Margaret Holford,et al.  Damage assessment of corrosion in prestressed concrete by acoustic emission , 2013 .

[157]  M. Montemor,et al.  CHLORIDE-INDUCED CORROSION ON REINFORCING STEEL: FROM THE FUNDAMENTALS TO THE MONITORING TECHNIQUES , 2003 .

[158]  K. Mori,et al.  Corrosion Process and Mechanisms of Corrosion‐Induced Cracks in Reinforced Concrete identified by AE Analysis , 2011 .

[159]  Wei Chen,et al.  Fe-C-coated fibre Bragg grating sensor for steel corrosion monitoring , 2011 .

[160]  Surendra P. Shah,et al.  Assessing Damage in Corroded Reinforced Concrete Using Acoustic Emission , 2000 .

[161]  H. Idrissi,et al.  Steel corrosion in concrete : Determinist modeling of cathodic reaction as a function of water saturation degree , 2007 .