System Performance Analysis for an Energy Harvesting IoT System Using a DF/AF UAV-Enabled Relay with Downlink NOMA under Nakagami-m Fading

This paper investigates system performance in the Internet of Things (IoT) with an energy harvesting (EH) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled relay under Nakagami-m fading, where the time switching (TS) and adaptive power splitting (APS) protocols are applied for the UAV. Our proposed system model consists of a base station (BS), two IoT device (ID) clusters (i.e., a far cluster and a near cluster), and a multiantenna UAV-enabled relay (UR). We adopt a UR-aided TS and APS (U-TSAPS) protocol, in which the UR can dynamically optimize the respective power splitting ratio (PSR) according to the channel conditions. To improve the throughput, the nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique is applied in the transmission of both hops (i.e., from the BS to the UR and from the UR to the ID clusters). The U-TSAPS protocol is divided into two phases. In the first phase, the BS transmits a signal to the UR. The UR then splits the received signal into two streams for information processing and EH using the APS scheme. In the second phase, the selected antenna of the UR forwards the received signal to the best far ID (BFID) in the far cluster and the best near ID (BNID) in the near cluster using the decode-and-forward (DF) or amplify-and-forward (AF) NOMA scheme. We derive closed-form expressions for the outage probabilities (OPs) at the BFID and BNID with the APS ratio under imperfect channel state information (ICSI) to evaluate the system performance. Based on these derivations, the throughputs of the considered system are also evaluated. Moreover, we propose an algorithm for determining the nearly optimal EH time for the system to minimize the OP. In addition, Monte Carlo simulation results are presented to confirm the accuracy of our analysis based on simulations of the system performance under various system parameters, such as the EH time, the height and position of the UR, the number of UR antennas, and the number of IDs in each cluster.

[1]  Donatella Darsena,et al.  Noncoherent Detection for Ambient Backscatter Communications Over OFDM Signals , 2019, IEEE Access.

[2]  Yue Gao,et al.  UAV Communications Based on Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access , 2018, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[3]  Phuong T. Tran,et al.  Outage probability of NOMA system with wireless power transfer at source and full-duplex relay , 2020 .

[4]  Abraham O. Fapojuwo,et al.  Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting and Data Rate Optimization in Wireless Information and Power Transfer Sensor Networks , 2017, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[5]  Van-Lan Dao,et al.  On Communication Performance in Energy Harvesting WSNs Under a Cooperative Jamming Attack , 2020, IEEE Systems Journal.

[6]  Chee Yen Leow,et al.  Energy-Efficient Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for UAV Communication System , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[7]  Yuanping Zhou,et al.  Performance Improvement on Nonorthogonal Multiple Access without CSIT , 2020, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[8]  Lihua Li,et al.  UAV-assisted Cooperative Communications with Power-splitting SWIPT , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS).

[9]  Chakchai So-In,et al.  Optimal System Performance in Multihop Energy Harvesting WSNs Using Cooperative NOMA and Friendly Jammers , 2019, IEEE Access.

[10]  Mazen O. Hasna,et al.  Outage Performance of UAV-Assisted Relaying Systems With RF Energy Harvesting , 2018, IEEE Communications Letters.

[11]  Yunfei Chen,et al.  UAV-Relaying-Assisted Secure Transmission With Caching , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[12]  Bang Chul Jung,et al.  BER Performance of Uplink NOMA With Joint Maximum-Likelihood Detector , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[13]  Wu He,et al.  Internet of Things in Industries: A Survey , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[14]  Fuchun Zheng,et al.  Energy efficient multi-antenna UAV-enabled mobile relay , 2018, China Communications.

[15]  Nhu Tri Do,et al.  A BNBF User Selection Scheme for NOMA-Based Cooperative Relaying Systems With SWIPT , 2017, IEEE Communications Letters.

[16]  Chakchai So-In,et al.  Secrecy Performance Analysis for Fixed-Gain Energy Harvesting in an Internet of Things With Untrusted Relays , 2018, IEEE Access.

[17]  Dac-Binh Ha,et al.  On Secure Wireless Sensor Networks With Cooperative Energy Harvesting Relaying , 2019, IEEE Access.

[18]  Xin Sun,et al.  Exploiting NOMA for UAV Communications in Large-Scale Cellular Networks , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[19]  Tran Manh Hoang,et al.  On the Performance of Energy Harvesting Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Relaying System with Imperfect Channel State Information over Rayleigh Fading Channels , 2019, Sensors.

[20]  Xiangwei Zhou,et al.  Robust Resource Allocation With Imperfect Channel Estimation in NOMA-Based Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[21]  Chakchai So-In,et al.  On Security and Throughput for Energy Harvesting Untrusted Relays in IoT Systems Using NOMA , 2019, IEEE Access.

[22]  H. Vincent Poor,et al.  Power Allocation Strategies in Energy Harvesting Wireless Cooperative Networks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[23]  Qing Bai,et al.  Energy efficiency maximization for 5G multi‐antenna receivers , 2015, Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol..

[24]  A. Lee Swindlehurst,et al.  Wireless Relay Communications with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Performance and Optimization , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[25]  Dac-Binh Ha,et al.  Outage Performance of Energy Harvesting DF Relaying NOMA Networks , 2017, Mobile Networks and Applications.

[26]  Dac-Binh Ha,et al.  Performance Analysis of DF/AF Cooperative MISO Wireless Sensor Networks With NOMA and SWIPT Over Nakagami- $m$ Fading , 2018, IEEE Access.

[27]  Sherif M. Abuelenin,et al.  On the similarity between Nakagami-m Fading distribution and the Gaussian ensembles of random matrix theory , 2018, ArXiv.

[28]  Hong Wen,et al.  Performance Analysis of UAV Relay Assisted IoT Communication Network Enhanced With Energy Harvesting , 2019, IEEE Access.

[29]  Xu Jiang,et al.  Power Consumption Minimization of UAV Relay in NOMA Networks , 2020, IEEE Wireless Communications Letters.

[30]  Hung Tran,et al.  Secrecy Performance in the Internet of Things: Optimal Energy Harvesting Time Under Constraints of Sensors and Eavesdroppers , 2020, Mob. Networks Appl..

[31]  Feng Liu,et al.  Performance Analysis of Cooperative NOMA Networks with Imperfect CSI over Nakagami-m Fading Channels , 2020, Sensors.

[32]  Evsen Yanmaz,et al.  Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks for Civil Applications: A Communications Viewpoint , 2016, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[33]  Victor C. M. Leung,et al.  Joint User Scheduling and Power Allocation Optimization for Energy-Efficient NOMA Systems With Imperfect CSI , 2017, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[34]  Zhiguo Ding,et al.  The Impact of Power Allocation on Cooperative Non-orthogonal Multiple Access Networks With SWIPT , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[35]  Lingyang Song,et al.  Joint Trajectory and Power Optimization for UAV Relay Networks , 2018, IEEE Communications Letters.

[36]  Lei Wang,et al.  UAV-Enabled Reliable Mobile Relaying Based on Downlink NOMA , 2020, IEEE Access.

[37]  Jinjin Men,et al.  Performance analysis for NOMA energy harvesting relaying networks with transmit antenna selection and maximal-ratio combining over Nakagami-m fading , 2016, IET Commun..

[38]  Miroslav Voznak,et al.  Performance Analysis of a User Selection Protocol in Cooperative Networks with Power Splitting Protocol-Based Energy Harvesting Over Nakagami-m/Rayleigh Channels , 2019, Electronics.

[39]  Tan Chang,et al.  Improving Electric Powered UAVs’ Endurance by Incorporating Battery Dumping Concept , 2015 .

[40]  Salmiah Ahmad,et al.  Exploiting UAV as NOMA based Relay for Coverage Extension , 2019, 2019 2nd International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS).

[41]  Tomasz Izydorczyk,et al.  Experimental Evaluation of Multi-Antenna Receivers for UAV Communication in Live LTE Networks , 2018, 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps).

[42]  Aggelos Bletsas,et al.  Sensitive and Nonlinear Far-Field RF Energy Harvesting in Wireless Communications , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[43]  Victor C. M. Leung,et al.  Resource Allocation for Energy Efficient NOMA UAV Network under Imperfect CSI , 2020, ICC 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[44]  Jinjin Men,et al.  Performance Analysis for Downlink Relaying Aided Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Networks With Imperfect CSI Over Nakagami- ${m}$ Fading , 2017, IEEE Access.

[45]  Jong-Ki Han,et al.  Capacity Maximizing Adaptive Power Splitting Protocol for Cooperative Energy Harvesting Communication Systems , 2018, IEEE Communications Letters.

[46]  Lav Gupta,et al.  Survey of Important Issues in UAV Communication Networks , 2016, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[47]  Miroslav Voznak,et al.  UAV Relaying Enabled NOMA Network With Hybrid Duplexing and Multiple Antennas , 2020, IEEE Access.

[48]  Fadi Al-Turjman,et al.  Data Delivery in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: Challenging and Defying in the IoT Era , 2017, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[49]  Yunfei Chen,et al.  Effect of User Mobility and Channel Fading on the Outage Performance of UAV Communications , 2020, IEEE Wireless Communications Letters.

[50]  Ali A. Nasir,et al.  Relaying Protocols for Wireless Energy Harvesting and Information Processing , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[51]  Rui Zhang,et al.  Throughput Maximization for UAV-Enabled Mobile Relaying Systems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[52]  Mahbub Hassan,et al.  Survey on UAV Cellular Communications: Practical Aspects, Standardization Advancements, Regulation, and Security Challenges , 2018, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[53]  Jing Jiang,et al.  Energy-Efficiency for IoT System With Cache-Enabled Fixed-Wing UAV Relay , 2020, IEEE Access.

[54]  Sandeep K. Sood,et al.  An Energy-Efficient Architecture for the Internet of Things (IoT) , 2017, IEEE Systems Journal.

[55]  George Suciu,et al.  IoT System for Forest Monitoring , 2019, 2019 42nd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP).

[56]  Zhu Han,et al.  Wireless Networks With RF Energy Harvesting: A Contemporary Survey , 2014, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[57]  Yun Hee Kim,et al.  Design and Analysis of UAV-Assisted Relaying With Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer , 2020, IEEE Access.

[58]  Dinh-Thuan Do,et al.  A Unified Framework for HS-UAV NOMA Networks: Performance Analysis and Location Optimization , 2020, IEEE Access.

[59]  Yongming Huang,et al.  Throughput maximization for UAV-enabled wireless power transfer in relaying system , 2017, 2017 9th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP).

[60]  Hideki Ochiai,et al.  An Efficient Time Switching Protocol with Adaptive Power Splitting for Wireless Energy Harvesting Relay Networks , 2017, 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring).

[61]  Mohammad S Sharawi,et al.  Design and Implementation of Embedded Printed Antenna Arrays in Small UAV Wing Structures , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[62]  Jun Li,et al.  Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT): Recent Advances and Future Challenges , 2018, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[63]  Hung Tran,et al.  Outage Performance Analysis of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks for NOMA Transmissions , 2020, Mob. Networks Appl..

[64]  George K. Karagiannidis,et al.  Internet of Things (IoT) and Agricultural Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in smart farming: A comprehensive review , 2020, Internet Things.

[65]  Tiejun Lv,et al.  Outage Performance of NOMA-based UAV-Assisted Communication with Imperfect SIC , 2019, 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC).

[66]  Kaigui Bian,et al.  UAV Relaying: Power Allocation and Trajectory Optimization Using Decode-and-Forward Protocol , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops).

[67]  Chee Yen Leow,et al.  Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Assisted Communication , 2018, IEEE Access.

[68]  Aria Nosratinia,et al.  Antenna selection in MIMO systems , 2004, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[69]  Yong Li,et al.  Joint Power Splitting and Antenna Selection in Energy Harvesting Relay Channels , 2015, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[70]  Ferdi Kara,et al.  Improved User Fairness in Decode-Forward Relaying Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Schemes With Imperfect SIC and CSI , 2020, IEEE Access.

[71]  Dan Deng,et al.  Outdated relay selection for UAV-enabled networks with cooperative NOMA , 2019, Phys. Commun..

[72]  Yunfei Chen,et al.  Optimum Placement of UAV as Relays , 2018, IEEE Communications Letters.

[73]  Rui Zhang,et al.  Wireless communications with unmanned aerial vehicles: opportunities and challenges , 2016, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[74]  Anass Benjebbour,et al.  Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for Cellular Future Radio Access , 2013, 2013 IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring).