Membranes and Energy Transduction in Bacteria1 1Abbreviations: Δψ, membrane potential; ΔpH, pH gradient; Δp, proton-motive force. These are related by: Δp = Δψ - (23RT/F) ΔpH ≅ Δψ - 60 ΔpH. ANS, l-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate; DCCD, N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; CCCP, carbonylcyanide-m-chloroph