Segmentation-Reconstruction-Guided Facial Image De-occlusion

Occlusions are very common in face images in the wild, leading to the degraded performance of face-related tasks. Although much effort has been devoted to removing occlusions from face images, the varying shapes and textures of occlusions still challenge the robustness of current methods. As a result, current methods either rely on manual occlusion masks or only apply to specific occlusions. This paper proposes a novel face de-occlusion model based on face segmentation and 3D face reconstruction, which automatically removes all kinds of face occlusions with even blurred boundaries,e.g., hairs. The proposed model consists of a 3D face reconstruction module, a face segmentation module, and an image generation module. With the face prior and the occlusion mask predicted by the first two, respectively, the image generation module can faithfully recover the missing facial textures. To supervise the training, we further build a large occlusion dataset, with both manually labeled and synthetic occlusions. Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

[1]  Seho Bae,et al.  A Novel GAN-Based Network for Unmasking of Masked Face , 2020, IEEE Access.

[2]  Harry Shum,et al.  Automatic eyeglasses removal from face images , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[3]  Jiansheng Chen,et al.  Occlusion robust face recognition based on mask learning , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP).

[4]  Li Fei-Fei,et al.  Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolution , 2016, ECCV.

[5]  Li Meng,et al.  Enhancing Convolutional Neural Networks for Face Recognition with Occlusion Maps and Batch Triplet Loss , 2018, Image Vis. Comput..

[6]  Enhong Chen,et al.  Image Denoising and Inpainting with Deep Neural Networks , 2012, NIPS.

[7]  Haiqing Li,et al.  Multiscale representation for partial face recognition under near infrared illumination , 2016, 2016 IEEE 8th International Conference on Biometrics Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS).

[8]  Patrick Pérez,et al.  Poisson image editing , 2003, ACM Trans. Graph..

[9]  Sang Chul Ahn,et al.  Glasses removal from facial image using recursive error compensation , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[10]  Liyan Zhang,et al.  Occlusion-Aware GAN for Face De-Occlusion in the Wild , 2020, 2020 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME).

[11]  Andrea Vedaldi,et al.  Understanding deep image representations by inverting them , 2014, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[12]  Ming-Hsuan Yang,et al.  Generative Face Completion , 2017, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[13]  Pat Hanrahan,et al.  An efficient representation for irradiance environment maps , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[14]  Xi Zhou,et al.  Data augmentation for face recognition , 2017, Neurocomputing.

[15]  Hu Han,et al.  Semi-Supervised Natural Face De-Occlusion , 2021, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[16]  Chokri Souani,et al.  Face recognition in unconstrained environment with CNN , 2020, The Visual Computer.

[17]  Abhinav Gupta,et al.  Training Region-Based Object Detectors with Online Hard Example Mining , 2016, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[18]  Timo Aila,et al.  A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks , 2018, 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[19]  Lingyun Wu,et al.  MaskGAN: Towards Diverse and Interactive Facial Image Manipulation , 2019, 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[20]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  Reducing the Dimensionality of Data with Neural Networks , 2006, Science.

[21]  Mingwu Ren,et al.  Unsupervised Eyeglasses Removal in the Wild , 2020, IEEE transactions on cybernetics.

[22]  Frans Coenen,et al.  Face occlusion detection based on multi-task convolution neural network , 2015, 2015 12th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD).

[23]  Kwang In Kim,et al.  Unsupervised Attention-guided Image to Image Translation , 2018, NeurIPS.

[24]  Stefanos Zafeiriou,et al.  ArcFace: Additive Angular Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition , 2018, 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[25]  Jianfei Cai,et al.  Pluralistic Image Completion , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[26]  Shang-Hong Lai,et al.  ByeGlassesGAN: Identity Preserving Eyeglasses Removal for Face Images , 2020, ECCV.

[27]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Generative Adversarial Nets , 2014, NIPS.

[28]  Xiaojie Guo,et al.  Generative Landmark Guided Face Inpainting , 2020, PRCV.

[29]  Adam Finkelstein,et al.  PatchMatch: a randomized correspondence algorithm for structural image editing , 2009, SIGGRAPH 2009.

[30]  Qiang Ji,et al.  Robust Facial Landmark Detection Under Significant Head Poses and Occlusion , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[31]  Wei Liu,et al.  Occlusion Robust Face Recognition Based on Mask Learning With Pairwise Differential Siamese Network , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[32]  Thomas Brox,et al.  U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation , 2015, MICCAI.

[33]  Andrew Zisserman,et al.  Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition , 2014, ICLR.

[34]  Pat Hanrahan,et al.  A signal-processing framework for inverse rendering , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[35]  Jiaolong Yang,et al.  Accurate 3D Face Reconstruction With Weakly-Supervised Learning: From Single Image to Image Set , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW).

[36]  Alexei A. Efros,et al.  Context Encoders: Feature Learning by Inpainting , 2016, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[37]  In Kyu Park,et al.  Face De-Occlusion Using 3D Morphable Model and Generative Adversarial Network , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[38]  Eero P. Simoncelli,et al.  Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[39]  Thomas S. Huang,et al.  Free-Form Image Inpainting With Gated Convolution , 2018, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[40]  Jimmy Ba,et al.  Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization , 2014, ICLR.

[41]  Zhenan Sun,et al.  Dynamic Feature Learning for Partial Face Recognition , 2018, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[42]  Shuicheng Yan,et al.  Robust LSTM-Autoencoders for Face De-Occlusion in the Wild , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[43]  Jaakko Lehtinen,et al.  Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variation , 2017, ICLR.

[44]  Qinghua Hu,et al.  Face sketch-to-photo transformation with multi-scale self-attention GAN , 2020, Neurocomputing.

[45]  Stephen Lin,et al.  GCNet: Non-Local Networks Meet Squeeze-Excitation Networks and Beyond , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshop (ICCVW).

[46]  Seyed-Ahmad Ahmadi,et al.  V-Net: Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Volumetric Medical Image Segmentation , 2016, 2016 Fourth International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV).

[47]  J. Tao,et al.  Reconstruction of Partially Occluded Face by Fast Recursive PCA , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security Workshops (CISW 2007).

[48]  M. Turk,et al.  Eigenfaces for Recognition , 1991, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[49]  Jian Sun,et al.  Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition , 2015, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[50]  Georgios Tzimiropoulos,et al.  How Far are We from Solving the 2D & 3D Face Alignment Problem? (and a Dataset of 230,000 3D Facial Landmarks) , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[51]  Matthew Turk,et al.  A Morphable Model For The Synthesis Of 3D Faces , 1999, SIGGRAPH.

[52]  Ting-Chun Wang,et al.  Image Inpainting for Irregular Holes Using Partial Convolutions , 2018, ECCV.

[53]  Thomas S. Huang,et al.  Generative Image Inpainting with Contextual Attention , 2018, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.