Distribution and correlates of C-reactive protein concentrations among adult US women.

BACKGROUND Understanding the distribution of C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration among adult women in the US helps to establish the magnitude of women at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. METHODS We examined the distribution and correlates of CRP, using data from 2205 women >or=20 years of age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. CRP was measured with a high-sensitivity latex-enhanced turbidimetric assay. RESULTS CRP concentration ranged from 0.1 to 296.0 mg/L (median, 2.7 mg/L). After exclusion of women with a CRP concentration >10 mg/L, the median was 2.2 mg/L. Approximately 25.7% of women, representing approximately 26.8 million women, did not report using hormone replacement therapy and had a CRP concentration >3.0 to 10 mg/L, a category considered to indicate high risk for cardiovascular disease. Multiple linear regression analysis included age, race or ethnicity, education, smoking status, total cholesterol concentration, triglyceride concentration, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and concentrations of glucose, insulin, c-peptide, and glycated hemoglobin. CRP concentration varied by race or ethnicity (Mexican American > white) and hormone replacement therapy (users > nonusers). In addition, significant and independent associations existed between CRP and waist circumference, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, and systolic blood pressure but not age, smoking status, alcohol use, insulin concentration, glycated hemoglobin, and c-peptide concentration. CONCLUSION Large numbers of US women have an increased concentration of CRP.

[1]  E. Ford.  The metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and leukocyte count: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. , 2003, Atherosclerosis.

[2]  D. Mannino,et al.  Population distribution of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein among US men: findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. , 2003, Clinical chemistry.

[3]  M. Woodward,et al.  Distributions of C-reactive protein measured by high-sensitivity assays in apparently healthy men and women from different populations in Europe. , 2003, Clinical chemistry.

[4]  J. Manson,et al.  C-Reactive Protein Is Independently Associated With Fasting Insulin in Nondiabetic Women , 2003, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[5]  B. Zinman,et al.  Relation of waist circumference and glycemic status to C-reactive protein in the Sandy Lake Oji-Cree , 2003, International Journal of Obesity.

[6]  S. Cummings,et al.  The relation of C-reactive protein levels to total and cardiovascular mortality in older U.S. women. , 2003, The American journal of medicine.

[7]  Robert J Glynn,et al.  Alcohol Consumption and Plasma Concentration of C-Reactive Protein , 2003, Circulation.

[8]  Nancy R Cook,et al.  C-Reactive Protein, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Events: An 8-Year Follow-Up of 14 719 Initially Healthy American Women , 2003, Circulation.

[9]  Gary L Myers,et al.  Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. , 2003, Circulation.

[10]  P. Libby.  Inflammation in atherosclerosis , 2002, Nature.

[11]  A. Onat,et al.  Fasting insulin levels independently associated with coronary heart disease in non-diabetic Turkish men and women. , 2002, International journal of cardiology.

[12]  G. Davı̀,et al.  Platelet activation in obese women: role of inflammation and oxidant stress. , 2002, JAMA.

[13]  J. Manson,et al.  Interrelationships Among Circulating Interleukin-6, C-Reactive Protein, and Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women , 2002, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[14]  J. Ruidavets,et al.  Prevalence of insulin resistance syndrome in southwestern France and its relationship with inflammatory and hemostatic markers. , 2002, Diabetes care.

[15]  B. Ainsworth,et al.  Cardiorespiratory Fitness and C-Reactive Protein Among a Tri-Ethnic Sample of Women , 2002, Circulation.

[16]  D. Mikhailidis,et al.  A cross-sectional study of the effects of hormon replacement therapy on the cardiovascular disease risk profile in healthy postmenopausal women. , 2002, Fertility and sterility.

[17]  J. Manson,et al.  Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. , 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[18]  E. Poehlman,et al.  Weight Loss Reduces C-Reactive Protein Levels in Obese Postmenopausal Women , 2002, Circulation.

[19]  A. Minenna,et al.  C-reactive protein is independently associated with total body fat, central fat, and insulin resistance in adult women , 2001, International Journal of Obesity.

[20]  S. Haffner,et al.  The relation of body fat mass and distribution to markers of chronic inflammation , 2001, International Journal of Obesity.

[21]  A. Onat,et al.  C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in western Turkey. , 2001, The American journal of cardiology.

[22]  A. Hofman,et al.  Markers of inflammation and cellular adhesion molecules in relation to insulin resistance in nondiabetic elderly: the Rotterdam study. , 2001, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[23]  N. Sattar,et al.  Relation of C-reactive protein to body fat distribution and features of the metabolic syndrome in Europeans and South Asians , 2001, International Journal of Obesity.

[24]  J. Pankow,et al.  Association of C-reactive protein with markers of prevalent atherosclerotic disease. , 2001, The American journal of cardiology.

[25]  K. Kayaba,et al.  Distribution of serum C-reactive protein and its association with atherosclerotic risk factors in a Japanese population : Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. , 2001, American journal of epidemiology.

[26]  L. Heilbronn,et al.  Energy Restriction and Weight Loss on Very-Low-Fat Diets Reduce C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Obese, Healthy Women , 2001, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[27]  L. Kuller,et al.  Serum levels of C-reactive protein are associated with obesity, weight gain, and hormone replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women. , 2001, American journal of epidemiology.

[28]  Hermann Brenner,et al.  Effect of alcohol consumption on systemic markers of inflammation , 2001, The Lancet.

[29]  W. Ricart,et al.  Circulating interleukin 6 levels, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy men and women. , 2001, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[30]  M H Wener,et al.  The influence of age, sex, and race on the upper reference limit of serum C-reactive protein concentration. , 2000, The Journal of rheumatology.

[31]  E. Ford.  Body mass index, diabetes, and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults. , 1999, Diabetes care.

[32]  E. Barrett-Connor,et al.  Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study. , 1999, Circulation.

[33]  J. Manson,et al.  Hormone replacement therapy and increased plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. , 1999, Circulation.

[34]  A. Hofman,et al.  Associations of C-reactive protein with measures of obesity, insulin resistance, and subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy, middle-aged women. , 1999, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[35]  J. Sipe,et al.  Analytical Evaluation of Particle-Enhanced Immunonephelometric Assays for C-Reactive Protein, Serum Amyloid a and Mannose-Binding Protein in Human Serum , 1998, Annals of clinical biochemistry.

[36]  L H Kuller,et al.  Relationship of C-reactive protein to risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study and the Rural Health Promotion Project. , 1997, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[37]  S. Thompson,et al.  Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina , 1997, The Lancet.

[38]  F. Eugene Yates,et al.  The national center for health statistics , 1973, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[39]  D. Seligson,et al.  Clinical Chemistry , 1965, Bulletin de la Societe de chimie biologique.

[40]  N. Cook,et al.  Baseline characteristics of participants in the Women's Health Study. , 2000, Journal of women's health & gender-based medicine.

[41]  Mark Woodward,et al.  Population Distributions of C-reactive Protein in Apparently Healthy Men and Women in the United States : Implication for Clinical Interpretation , 2022 .