Spurious Absorption Frequency Appearance Due to Frequency Conversion Processes in Pulsed THz TDS Problems

The appearance of the spurious absorption frequencies caused by the frequency conversion process at the broadband THz pulse propagation in a medium is theoretically and experimentally discussed. The spurious absorption frequencies appear due to both the frequency doubling and generation of waves with sum or difference frequency. Such generation might occur because of the nonlinear response of a medium or its non-instantaneous response. This phenomenon is confirmed by the results of a few physical experiments provided with the THz CW signals and broadband THz pulses that are transmitted through the ordinary or dangerous substances. A high correlation between the time-dependent spectral intensities for the basic frequency and generated frequencies is demonstrated while using the computer simulation results. This feature of the frequency conversion might be used for the detection and identification of a substance.

[1]  G. Bastiaans,et al.  Absorption coefficients of selected explosives and related compounds in the range of 0.1-2.8 THz. , 2007, Optics express.

[2]  Vyacheslav A. Trofimov,et al.  About efficiency of identification of materials using spectrum dynamics of medium response under the action of THz radiation , 2009, Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[3]  Kiarash Ahi,et al.  Quality control and authentication of packaged integrated circuits using enhanced-spatial-resolution terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and imaging , 2017 .

[4]  H. Hübers,et al.  Surface roughness effects on the terahertz reflectance of pure explosive materials , 2008 .

[5]  Vyacheslav A. Trofimov,et al.  Detection and identification of substances using noisy THz signal , 2017, Defense + Security.

[6]  Xavier Maldague,et al.  Non-destructive Investigation of Paintings on Canvas by Continuous Wave Terahertz Imaging and Flash Thermography , 2017, Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation.

[7]  Reza Safian,et al.  A Graphene-Based THz Ring Resonator for Label-Free Sensing , 2016, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[8]  Michael Watkinson,et al.  Terahertz spectroscopy: a powerful new tool for the chemical sciences? , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[9]  Daniel M Mittleman,et al.  Terahertz disorder-localized rotational modes and lattice vibrational modes in the orientationally-disordered and ordered phases of camphor. , 2015, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[10]  Arthur D. van Rheenen,et al.  Detection and identification of explosives hidden under barrier materials: what are the THz-technology challenges? , 2011, Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[11]  Seong G. Kong,et al.  Signal restoration from atmospheric degradation in terahertz spectroscopy , 2008 .

[12]  P. Sun,et al.  Numerical method based on transfer function for eliminating water vapor noise from terahertz spectra. , 2017, Applied optics.

[13]  J. Coutaz,et al.  Influence of noise on the characterization of materials by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy , 2000 .

[14]  Xiang Zhang,et al.  Terahertz optical rectification from 〈110〉 zinc‐blende crystals , 1994 .

[15]  Svetlana A. Varentsova,et al.  Essential Limitations of the Standard THz TDS Method for Substance Detection and Identification and a Way of Overcoming Them , 2016, Sensors.

[16]  Gintaras Valušis,et al.  Non-destructive inspection of food and technical oils by terahertz spectroscopy , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[17]  Yaochun Shen,et al.  Terahertz pulsed spectroscopy and imaging for pharmaceutical applications: a review. , 2011, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[18]  Salih Ergün,et al.  Terahertz Technology For Military Applications , 2015 .

[19]  M. J. Fitch,et al.  Wideband terahertz spectroscopy of explosives , 2007 .

[20]  Sang Joon Kim,et al.  A Mathematical Theory of Communication , 2006 .

[21]  Gyeongsik Ok,et al.  High-speed terahertz imaging toward food quality inspection. , 2014, Applied optics.

[22]  X. Zhang,et al.  7 terahertz broadband GaP electro-optic sensor , 1997 .

[23]  Hua Zhong,et al.  Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging for Defense and Security Applications , 2007, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[24]  Scott Schecklman,et al.  Terahertz material detection from diffuse surface scattering , 2011 .

[25]  J. Zeitler,et al.  Terahertz Sensor for Non-Contact Thickness and Quality Measurement of Automobile Paints of Varying Complexity , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology.

[26]  Shen Jingling,et al.  Experimental Investigation on Terahertz Spectra of Amphetamine Type Stimulants , 2005 .

[27]  Y. Kadoya,et al.  Measurement and Analysis of Noise Spectra in Terahertz Wave Detection Utilizing Low-Temperature-Grown GaAs Photoconductive Antenna , 2019, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves.

[28]  K. Kawase,et al.  THz imaging techniques for nondestructive inspections , 2010 .

[29]  Kiarash Ahi,et al.  Review of GaN-based devices for terahertz operation , 2017 .

[30]  H. Nyquist,et al.  Certain Topics in Telegraph Transmission Theory , 1928, Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

[31]  Kyung Ik Sim,et al.  Reflection terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of RDX and HMX explosives , 2014 .

[32]  J. Federici.  Review of Moisture and Liquid Detection and Mapping using Terahertz Imaging , 2012, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves.

[33]  M. C. Kemp,et al.  Explosives Detection by Terahertz Spectroscopy—A Bridge Too Far? , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology.

[34]  J. Federici,et al.  THz imaging and sensing for security applications—explosives, weapons and drugs , 2005 .

[35]  Yibin Ying,et al.  Terahertz spectroscopic imaging with discriminant analysis for detecting foreign materials among sausages , 2019, Food Control.

[36]  K. Kawase,et al.  Non-destructive drug inspection in covering materials using a terahertz spectral imaging system with injection-seeded terahertz parametric generation and detection. , 2016, Optics express.

[37]  V. Wallace,et al.  Biomedical applications of terahertz technology , 2002, The 15th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society.

[38]  Mieczyslaw Szustakowski,et al.  An influence of the absolute phase of THz pulse on linear and nonlinear medium response , 2011, Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging.

[39]  Marcello Picollo,et al.  Obtaining noninvasive stratigraphic details of panel paintings using terahertz time domain spectroscopy imaging system , 2015 .

[40]  Mieczyslaw Szustakowski,et al.  Detection and identification of compound explosive using the SDA method of the reflected THz signal , 2012, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[41]  Norbert Palka,et al.  Identification of concealed materials, including explosives, by terahertz reflection spectroscopy , 2013 .

[42]  Ulf Osterberg,et al.  Multilevel Maxwell-Bloch simulations in inhomogeneously broadened media. , 2011, Optics express.

[43]  Reza Safian,et al.  Hybrid graphene–molybdenum disulphide based ring resonator for label-free sensing , 2016 .

[44]  Svetlana A. Varentsova,et al.  New Possibilities of Substance Identification Based on THz Time Domain Spectroscopy Using a Cascade Mechanism of High Energy Level Excitation , 2017, Sensors.

[45]  M. J. Fitch,et al.  Terahertz spectroscopy techniques for explosives detection , 2009, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[46]  Svetlana A. Varentsova,et al.  New approach for detection and identification of substances using THz TDS , 2017, Security + Defence.

[47]  N. Balbekin,et al.  Numerical and experimental studies of mechanisms underlying the effect of pulsed broadband terahertz radiation on nerve cells , 2014 .

[48]  Reza Safian,et al.  Significant enhancement in the efficiency of photoconductive antennas using a hybrid graphene molybdenum disulphide structure , 2016 .

[49]  V. Trofimov,et al.  High effective time-dependent THz spectroscopy method for the detection and identification of substances with inhomogeneous surface , 2018, PloS one.

[50]  Vyacheslav A. Trofimov,et al.  False detection of dangerous and neutral substances in commonly used materials by means of the standard THz Time Domain Spectroscopy , 2016 .

[51]  Vladislav V. Trofimov,et al.  Possibility of the detection and identification of substance at long distance using the noisy reflected THz pulse under real conditions , 2015, Sensing Technologies + Applications.

[52]  Wojtek J. Bock,et al.  Resonant THz sensor for paper quality monitoring using THz fiber Bragg gratings , 2013, 2013 IEEE Photonics Conference.

[53]  A. Locquet,et al.  Depth resolution enhancement of terahertz deconvolution by autoregressive spectral extrapolation. , 2017, Optics letters.

[54]  Anton Jeglic,et al.  Spectroscopic Analysis of Melatonin in the Terahertz Frequency Range , 2018, Sensors.

[55]  刘海波,et al.  Experimental Investigation on Terahertz Spectra of Amphetamine Type Stimulants , 2005 .

[56]  E. Hendry,et al.  Noninvasive, near-field terahertz imaging of hidden objects using a single-pixel detector , 2015, Science Advances.

[57]  Irina G. Zakharova,et al.  New Possibilities of Substance Identification Based on THz TDS Using Cascade Mechanism of High Energy Level Excitation , 2017 .

[58]  Vyacheslav A Trofimov,et al.  Detection and identification of drugs under real conditions by using noisy terahertz broadband pulse. , 2016, Applied optics.

[59]  D. Y. Zagursky,et al.  Propagation of laser pulse with a few cycle duration in multi-level media , 2015, 2015 Days on Diffraction (DD).

[60]  Vyacheslav A Trofimov,et al.  A Possible Way for the Detection and Identification of Dangerous Substances in Ternary Mixtures Using THz Pulsed Spectroscopy , 2019, Sensors.

[61]  E. Linfield,et al.  Absorption-sensitive diffuse reflection imaging of concealed powders using a terahertz quantum cascade laser. , 2008, Optics express.

[62]  Wei Shi,et al.  Efficient, tunable, and coherent 0.18-5.27-THz source based on GaSe crystal. , 2002, Optics letters.

[63]  Svetlana A. Varentsova,et al.  Substance identification by pulsed THz spectroscopy in the presence of disordered structure , 2017, Optical Engineering + Applications.

[64]  R. Kosloff,et al.  Direct MD Simulations of Terahertz Absorption and 2D Spectroscopy Applied to Explosive Crystals. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[65]  Gintaras Valušis,et al.  Terahertz spectroscopic identification of explosive and drug simulants concealed by various hiding techniques. , 2015, Applied optics.

[66]  Yong He,et al.  Spectral Characterization and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Pesticides Based on Terahertz Time-Domain Spectra Analyses and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Calculations , 2018, Molecules.

[67]  Mehdi Anwar,et al.  Advanced terahertz techniques for quality control and counterfeit detection , 2016, SPIE Commercial + Scientific Sensing and Imaging.

[68]  Svetlana A. Varentsova,et al.  An Effective Method for Substance Detection Using the Broad Spectrum THz Signal: A “Terahertz Nose” , 2015, Sensors.

[69]  Kazuhiko Fujiwara,et al.  Terahertz spectra of 1-cyanoadamantane in the orientationally ordered and disordered phases , 2014 .