Label Layout for Interactive 3D Illustrations

Hand-made illustrations in scientific and technical textbooks commonly use internal and external labels or legends to establish co-referential relation between pictorial elements and textual expressions. By analyzing the most complex examples, we extracted several label layout styles and classified them. We propose a variety of real-time label layout algorithms that aim to produce nice and clean layouts. In order to achieve a frame-coherent label layout during user interactions, the algorithms consider layout decisions from previous frame. Moreover, several evaluation criteria to measure the quality of static as well as dynamic label layouts are presented.

[1]  A. James Stewart,et al.  Tunneling for Triangle Strips in Continuous Level--of--Detail Meshes , 2001, Graphics Interface.

[2]  Gabriel Taubin,et al.  Geometric compression through topological surgery , 1998, TOGS.

[3]  Marc Levoy,et al.  QSplat: a multiresolution point rendering system for large meshes , 2000, SIGGRAPH.

[4]  Pierre Alliez,et al.  Progressive compression for lossless transmission of triangle meshes , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[5]  Edwin Earl Catmull,et al.  A subdivision algorithm for computer display of curved surfaces. , 1974 .

[6]  Hugues Hoppe,et al.  Inter-surface mapping , 2004, ACM Trans. Graph..

[7]  Michael F. Barnsley,et al.  A better way to compress images , 1988 .

[8]  Henrik Wann Jensen,et al.  Ray Tracing Point Sampled Geometry , 2000, Rendering Techniques.

[9]  Martin Isenburg,et al.  Triangle Strip Compression , 2000, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[10]  E. Mcpherson,et al.  Equations for Predicting Diameter, Height, Crown Width, and Leaf Area of San Joaquin Valley Street Trees , 2001, Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

[11]  Tony DeRose,et al.  Multiresolution analysis of arbitrary meshes , 1995, SIGGRAPH.

[12]  H. Piaggio.  Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces , 1952, Nature.

[13]  Hugues Hoppe,et al.  Efficient implementation of progressive meshes , 1998, Comput. Graph..

[14]  Gabriella Sanniti di Baja,et al.  Finding local maxima in a pseudo-Euclidian distance transform , 1988, Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process..

[15]  Jean-Daniel Fekete,et al.  Excentric Labeling: Dynamic Neighborhood Labeling for Data Visualization , 2003 .

[16]  E. Mcpherson,et al.  Comparison of Five Methods for Estimating Leaf Area Index of Open-Grown Deciduous Trees , 1998, Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

[17]  Matthias Zwicker,et al.  Surfels: surface elements as rendering primitives , 2000, SIGGRAPH.

[18]  Jan Sijbers,et al.  Efficient algorithm fo the computation of 3D Fourier descriptors , 2002, Proceedings. First International Symposium on 3D Data Processing Visualization and Transmission.

[19]  David S. Johnson,et al.  The Planar Hamiltonian Circuit Problem is NP-Complete , 1976, SIAM J. Comput..

[20]  Hans-Christian Hege,et al.  Fast and intuitive generation of geometric shape transitions , 2000, The Visual Computer.

[21]  William J. Dally,et al.  Point Sample Rendering , 1998, Rendering Techniques.

[22]  Jarek Rossignac,et al.  Wrap&Zip decompression of the connectivity of triangle meshes compressed with Edgebreaker , 1999, Comput. Geom..

[23]  Ioannis G. Tollis,et al.  A unified approach to labeling graphical features , 1998, SCG '98.

[24]  Renato Pajarola,et al.  Compressed Progressive Meshes , 2000, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..

[25]  Tosiyasu L. Kunii,et al.  Botanical Tree Image Generation , 1984, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[26]  Alla Sheffer,et al.  Fundamentals of spherical parameterization for 3D meshes , 2003, ACM Trans. Graph..

[27]  V. Rubatzky,et al.  Hartmann's Plant Science: Growth, Development, and Utilization of Cultivated Plants , 2001 .

[28]  Alla Sheffer,et al.  Cross-parameterization and compatible remeshing of 3D models , 2004, ACM Trans. Graph..

[29]  Eric L. Schwartz,et al.  Computational anatomy and functional architecture of striate cortex: A spatial mapping approach to perceptual coding , 1980, Vision Research.

[30]  Oliver Deussen,et al.  Interactive Modeling of Plants , 1999, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[31]  Steven Skiena,et al.  Hamiltonian triangulations for fast rendering , 1996, The Visual Computer.

[32]  H. Lyr,et al.  The physiology of woody plants. , 1967 .

[33]  Mark Meyer,et al.  Interactive geometry remeshing , 2002, SIGGRAPH.

[34]  E. Imhof.  Positioning Names on Maps , 1975 .

[35]  Steven Skiena,et al.  Efficiently computing and updating triangle strips for real-time rendering , 2000, Comput. Aided Des..

[36]  Lihua Zhou,et al.  CONNECTIVITY COMPRESSION FOR TRIANGLE MESHES , 2003 .

[37]  Jihad El-Sana,et al.  Skip Strips: maintaining triangle strips for view-dependent rendering , 1999, Proceedings Visualization '99 (Cat. No.99CB37067).

[38]  A. Paivio,et al.  Dual coding theory and education , 1991 .

[39]  Michael Deering,et al.  Geometry compression , 1995, SIGGRAPH.

[40]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants , 1990, The Virtual Laboratory.

[41]  Suya You,et al.  Urban Site Modeling from LiDAR , 2003, ICCSA.

[42]  Edward M. Reingold,et al.  Graph drawing by force‐directed placement , 1991, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[43]  George Drettakis,et al.  Interactive visualization of complex plant ecosystems , 2002, IEEE Visualization, 2002. VIS 2002..

[44]  Mathieu Desbrun,et al.  Progressive encoding of complex isosurfaces , 2003, ACM Trans. Graph..

[45]  Hugues Hoppe,et al.  Spherical parametrization and remeshing , 2003, ACM Trans. Graph..

[46]  Marc Alexa,et al.  Recent Advances in Mesh Morphing , 2002, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[47]  Knut Hartmann,et al.  Illustrative shadows: integrating 3D and 2D information displays , 2003, IUI '03.

[48]  Craig Gotsman,et al.  Triangle Mesh Compression , 1998, Graphics Interface.

[49]  Bettina Speckmann,et al.  Easy triangle strips for TIN terrain models , 2001, CCCG.

[50]  Brian Wyvill,et al.  Implicit Visualization and Inverse Modeling of Growing Trees , 2004, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[51]  Steven K. Feiner,et al.  View management for virtual and augmented reality , 2001, UIST '01.

[52]  Toyohisa Kaneko,et al.  Efficient and Handy Texture Mapping on 3D Surfaces , 1999, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[53]  A. ROSENFELD,et al.  Distance functions on digital pictures , 1968, Pattern Recognit..

[54]  Joseph S. B. Mitchell,et al.  Optimal decomposition of polygonal models into triangle strips , 2002, SCG '02.

[55]  Dinesh Manocha,et al.  OBBTree: a hierarchical structure for rapid interference detection , 1996, SIGGRAPH.

[56]  Guido Gerig,et al.  Parametrization of Closed Surfaces for 3-D Shape Description , 1995, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[57]  P. Klinkhamer.  Plant allometry: The scaling of form and process , 1995 .

[58]  Alexei A. Efros,et al.  Image quilting for texture synthesis and transfer , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[59]  Guido Gerig,et al.  Combined Boundary-Medial Shape Description of Variable Biological Objects , 2001 .

[60]  E. Gregory McPherson,et al.  Evaluation of four methods for estimating leaf area of isolated trees , 2003 .

[61]  Marc Levoy,et al.  Fast texture synthesis using tree-structured vector quantization , 2000, SIGGRAPH.

[62]  Pedro V. Sander,et al.  Signal-Specialized Parametrization , 2002, Rendering Techniques.

[63]  Qiang Wu,et al.  Virtual Spiral Architecture , 2004, PDPTA.

[64]  Joseph S. B. Mitchell,et al.  Fast and effective stripification of polygonal surface models , 1999, SODA '99.

[65]  Hugues Hoppe,et al.  Progressive meshes , 1996, SIGGRAPH.

[66]  Russell J. Athay,et al.  Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques , 1986, International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques.

[67]  Jussi Rasanen,et al.  Surface Splatting: Theory, Extensions and Implementation , 2002 .

[68]  Markus H. Gross,et al.  Efficient simplification of point-sampled surfaces , 2002, IEEE Visualization, 2002. VIS 2002..

[69]  J. M. Beaumont.  Advances in block based fractal coding of still pictures , 1990 .

[70]  Jules Bloomenthal,et al.  Modeling the mighty maple , 1985, SIGGRAPH.

[71]  James R. Bergen,et al.  Pyramid-based texture analysis/synthesis , 1995, Proceedings., International Conference on Image Processing.

[72]  Jovan Popovic,et al.  Progressive simplicial complexes , 1997, SIGGRAPH.

[73]  Hugues Hoppe,et al.  View-dependent refinement of progressive meshes , 1997, SIGGRAPH.

[74]  Suya You,et al.  Augmented virtual environments (AVE): dynamic fusion of imagery and 3D models , 2003, IEEE Virtual Reality, 2003. Proceedings..

[75]  Tobias Isenberg,et al.  OPENNPAR: a system for developing, programming, and designing non-photorealistic animation and rendering , 2003, 11th Pacific Conference onComputer Graphics and Applications, 2003. Proceedings..

[76]  A. W. Rogers,et al.  Textbook of Anatomy , 1992 .

[77]  Bruno Lévy,et al.  Least squares conformal maps for automatic texture atlas generation , 2002, ACM Trans. Graph..

[78]  Craig Gotsman,et al.  Universal Rendering Sequences for Transparent Vertex Caching of Progressive Meshes , 2002, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[79]  Radomír Mech,et al.  Visual Models of Plant Development , 1997, Handbook of Formal Languages.

[80]  Hugues Hoppe,et al.  Optimization of mesh locality for transparent vertex caching , 1999, SIGGRAPH.

[81]  Bernhard Preim,et al.  Coherent Zooming of Illustrations with 3D-Graphics and Text , 1997, Graphics Interface.

[82]  Steven J. Gortler,et al.  Geometry images , 2002, SIGGRAPH.

[83]  K. Hormann,et al.  Hierarchical Parametrization of Triangulated Surfaces , 2002 .

[84]  Joe Marks,et al.  The Computational Complexity of Cartographic Label Placement , 1991 .

[85]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Animation of plant development , 1993, SIGGRAPH.

[86]  Joe Marks,et al.  An empirical study of algorithms for point-feature label placement , 1995, TOGS.

[87]  Aristid Lindenmayer,et al.  Mathematical Models for Cellular Interactions in Development , 1968 .

[88]  Paul M. Thompson,et al.  Genus zero surface conformal mapping and its application to brain surface mapping , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[89]  Stefano Soatto,et al.  Dynamic Textures , 2003, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[90]  Marc Levoy,et al.  The Use of Points as a Display Primitive , 2000 .

[91]  Steven Skiena,et al.  Optimizing triangle strips for fast rendering , 1996, Proceedings of Seventh Annual IEEE Visualization '96.

[92]  Riccardo Scateni,et al.  An Iterative Stripification Algorithm Based on Dual Graph Operations , 2003, Eurographics.

[93]  Johannes Sobotta.  Sobotta atlas of human anatomy , 1997 .