Application of nonlinear smoothing to GPS/INS integrated navigation system

The application of smoothing to integrated navigation system of 4SVan is considered. 4S-Van is a mobile mapping system, which provides the position information of various objects on the road. For navigation purpose, it has various sensors such as an inertial measurement unit, a GPS receiver and an odometer. It is also equipped with CCD cameras, laser scanners and video cameras, for mapping purpose. The navigation system of 4S-Van is an inertial navigation system, which is aided by GPS and the odometer. Because it can adopt post-processing method for more accurate and reliable result, the nonlinear smoothing is applied. The nonlinear smoothing, which consists of a forward filter, a backward filter and a smoother, is implemented. For the forward filter, the extended Kalman filter is