Evolution of Linux operating system network

Linux operating system (LOS) is a sophisticated man-made system and one of the most ubiquitous operating systems. However, there is little research on the structure and functionality evolution of LOS from the prospective of networks. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of the LOS network. 62 major releases of LOS ranging from versions 1.0 to 4.1 are modeled as directed networks in which functions are denoted by nodes and function calls are denoted by edges. It is found that the size of the LOS network grows almost linearly, while clustering coefficient monotonically decays. The degree distributions are almost the same: the out-degree follows an exponential distribution while both in-degree and undirected degree follow power-law distributions. We further explore the functionality evolution of the LOS network. It is observed that the evolution of functional modules is shown as a sequence of seven events (changes) succeeding each other, including continuing, growth, contraction, birth, splitting, death and merging events. By means of a statistical analysis of these events in the top 4 largest components (i.e., arch, drivers, fs and net), it is shown that continuing, growth and contraction events occupy more than 95% events. Our work exemplifies a better understanding and describing of the dynamics of LOS evolution.

[1]  Harry Eugene Stanley,et al.  Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks , 2009, Nature.

[2]  Massimo Marchiori,et al.  Model for cascading failures in complex networks. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[3]  Simon A. Levin,et al.  Evolution of a modular software network , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[4]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Evolution of the social network of scientific collaborations , 2001, cond-mat/0104162.

[5]  Chen Zhao,et al.  Analysis of the Chinese Airline Network as multi-layer networks , 2016 .

[6]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Lethality and centrality in protein networks , 2001, Nature.

[7]  Zhen Chen,et al.  Network of networks in Linux operating system , 2016 .

[8]  Marko Bajec,et al.  Community structure of complex software systems: Analysis and applications , 2011, ArXiv.

[9]  M. Newman,et al.  The structure of scientific collaboration networks. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[10]  G. Szabó,et al.  Evolutionary games on graphs , 2006, cond-mat/0607344.

[11]  R Pastor-Satorras,et al.  Dynamical and correlation properties of the internet. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[12]  Kai-Yuan Cai,et al.  Software execution processes as an evolving complex network , 2009, Inf. Sci..

[13]  Claudio Castellano,et al.  Thresholds for epidemic spreading in networks , 2010, Physical review letters.

[14]  Marco Aiello,et al.  The Power Grid as a Complex Network: a Survey , 2011, ArXiv.

[15]  Attila Szolnoki,et al.  Interdependent network reciprocity in evolutionary games , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[16]  Yonghua Li,et al.  Design of car Bluetooth hands-free mobile phone system in Linux system , 2012 .

[17]  S. Havlin,et al.  Breakdown of the internet under intentional attack. , 2000, Physical review letters.

[18]  W. Li,et al.  Statistical analysis of airport network of China. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[19]  Dror G. Feitelson,et al.  The Linux kernel as a case study in software evolution , 2010, J. Syst. Softw..

[20]  Alessandro Vespignani,et al.  Epidemic spreading in scale-free networks. , 2000, Physical review letters.

[21]  Alessandro Vespignani,et al.  Large-scale topological and dynamical properties of the Internet. , 2001, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[22]  G. Fagiolo.  Clustering in complex directed networks. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[23]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Quantifying social group evolution , 2007, Nature.

[24]  R. Pastor-Satorras,et al.  Epidemic spreading in correlated complex networks. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[25]  Meir M. Lehman,et al.  Software evolution - Background, theory, practice , 2003, Inf. Process. Lett..

[26]  Samantha Jenkins,et al.  Software architecture graphs as complex networks: A novel partitioning scheme to measure stability and evolution , 2007, Inf. Sci..

[27]  Yang Gao,et al.  Adequate is better: particle swarm optimization with limited-information , 2015, Appl. Math. Comput..

[28]  Albert-László Barabási,et al.  Statistical mechanics of complex networks , 2001, ArXiv.

[29]  Przemyslaw Kazienko,et al.  GED: the method for group evolution discovery in social networks , 2012, Social Network Analysis and Mining.

[30]  Bo Hu,et al.  Efficient routing on complex networks. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[31]  Zheng Zheng,et al.  Analysis of Linux kernel as a complex network , 2014 .

[32]  V. Latora,et al.  Complex networks: Structure and dynamics , 2006 .

[33]  Daniel Pierre Bovet,et al.  Understanding the Linux Kernel , 2000 .

[34]  Ying-Cheng Lai,et al.  Abnormal cascading on complex networks. , 2009, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[35]  Guido Hertel,et al.  Motivation of software developers in Open Source projects: an Internet-based survey of contributors to the Linux kernel , 2003 .

[36]  Albert-László Barabási,et al.  Controllability of complex networks , 2011, Nature.

[37]  Massimo Marchiori,et al.  A topological analysis of the Italian electric power grid , 2004 .

[38]  Diomidis Spinellis,et al.  Power laws in software , 2008, TSEM.

[39]  Ricard V. Solé,et al.  Topological Vulnerability of the European Power Grid under Errors and Attacks , 2007, Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos.

[40]  M. Guida,et al.  Topology of the Italian airport network: A scale-free small-world network with a fractal structure? , 2007 .

[41]  Mao-Bin Hu,et al.  Asymmetric cost in snowdrift game on scale-free networks , 2009 .

[42]  Mark E. J. Newman,et al.  The Structure and Function of Complex Networks , 2003, SIAM Rev..

[43]  S. L. Wong,et al.  Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein–protein interaction network , 2005, Nature.

[44]  Yang Gao,et al.  Selectively-informed particle swarm optimization , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[45]  Duncan J. Watts,et al.  Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks , 1998, Nature.

[46]  Albert,et al.  Emergence of scaling in random networks , 1999, Science.

[47]  Michele Marchesi,et al.  Power-Laws in a Large Object-Oriented Software System , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

[48]  Robert Love,et al.  Linux Kernel Development , 2003 .

[49]  Wen-Bo Du,et al.  Particle Swarm Optimization with Scale-Free Interactions , 2014, PloS one.

[50]  M. Newman.  Coauthorship networks and patterns of scientific collaboration , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[51]  R. Guimerà,et al.  The worldwide air transportation network: Anomalous centrality, community structure, and cities' global roles , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[52]  Xiaolong Zheng,et al.  Analyzing open-source software systems as complex networks , 2008 .

[53]  Ganesh Bagler,et al.  Analysis of the airport network of India as a complex weighted network , 2004, cond-mat/0409773.

[54]  David Lo,et al.  Identifying Linux bug fixing patches , 2012, 2012 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE).

[55]  Réka Albert,et al.  Structural vulnerability of the North American power grid. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[56]  Christos Faloutsos,et al.  Epidemic spreading in real networks: an eigenvalue viewpoint , 2003, 22nd International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems, 2003. Proceedings..

[57]  Abraham Silberschatz,et al.  Operating System Concepts , 1983 .

[58]  J. Slotine,et al.  Spectrum of controlling and observing complex networks , 2015, Nature Physics.

[59]  Christopher R. Myers,et al.  Software systems as complex networks: structure, function, and evolvability of software collaboration graphs , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[60]  Tao Zhou,et al.  Traffic dynamics based on local routing protocol on a scale-free network. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[61]  R. Ferrer i Cancho,et al.  Scale-free networks from optimal design , 2002, cond-mat/0204344.

[62]  Kaiquan Cai,et al.  Effective usage of shortest paths promotes transportation efficiency on scale-free networks , 2013 .

[63]  James R. Knight,et al.  A Protein Interaction Map of Drosophila melanogaster , 2003, Science.

[64]  Duncan J Watts,et al.  A simple model of global cascades on random networks , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[65]  Wen Ying,et al.  Heterogeneous Strategy Particle Swarm Optimization , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs.