DEFINITION OF SURGICAL MARGINS

One of the most basic tenets of surgical oncology is determining the extent of tissue that must be removed about a mass to achieve effective local control. Since historic times, this simple question has challenged both human and veterinary surgeons. Surgical dogma has focused on finding the optimal “measured margin” about a mass as the solution to cancer control.[1, 2] However, despite extensive examination, the precise width of surgical margin necessary to completely eliminate recurrence has not been determined.

[1]  M. Morrow,et al.  Margins in breast cancer: How much is enough? , 2018, Cancer.

[2]  L. Mao,et al.  Understanding the Surgical Margin: A Molecular Assessment. , 2017, Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America.

[3]  J. Kirpensteijn,et al.  Recurrence rates and clinical outcome for dogs with grade II mast cell tumours with a low AgNOR count and Ki67 index treated with surgery alone , 2017, Veterinary and comparative oncology.

[4]  N. Joste,et al.  Towards a personalized surgical margin for breast conserving surgery—Implications of field cancerization in local recurrence , 2017, Journal of surgical oncology.

[5]  K. Mathews,et al.  Surgically planned versus histologically measured lateral tumor margins for resection of cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs: 46 cases (2010-2013). , 2015, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[6]  M. Goldschmidt,et al.  Evaluation of histological grade and histologically tumour-free margins as predictors of local recurrence in completely excised canine mast cell tumours. , 2015, Veterinary and comparative oncology.

[7]  Jamie R Wignall,et al.  Effects of sample site and size, skin tension lines, surgeon, and formalin fixation on shrinkage of skin samples excised from canine cadavers. , 2014, American journal of veterinary research.

[8]  G. Polton,et al.  Canine soft tissue sarcoma managed in first opinion practice: outcome in 350 cases. , 2014, Veterinary surgery : VS.

[9]  S. Boston,et al.  Additional local therapy with primary re-excision or radiation therapy improves survival and local control after incomplete or close surgical excision of mast cell tumors in dogs. , 2014, Veterinary surgery : VS.

[10]  G. Wolf.  Surgical margins in the genomic era: The Hayes Martin Lecture, 2012. , 2012, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[11]  D. Argyle,et al.  European consensus document on mast cell tumours in dogs and cats. , 2012, Veterinary and comparative oncology.

[12]  L. Marconato,et al.  Use of histologic margin evaluation to predict recurrence of cutaneous malignant tumors in dogs and cats after surgical excision. , 2012, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[13]  A. Moreau,et al.  Critical study of resection margins in adult soft-tissue sarcoma surgery. , 2012, Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR.

[14]  G. Monteith,et al.  Factors influencing complete tumor excision of mast cell tumors and soft tissue sarcomas: a retrospective study in 100 dogs. , 2011, The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne.

[15]  A. Gruber,et al.  Recommended Guidelines for Submission, Trimming, Margin Evaluation, and Reporting of Tumor Biopsy Specimens in Veterinary Surgical Pathology , 2011, Veterinary pathology.

[16]  B. Powers,et al.  Prognostic Factors for Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Dogs , 2011, Veterinary pathology.

[17]  G. Polton,et al.  Outcome following removal of canine spindle cell tumours in first opinion practice: 104 cases. , 2009, The Journal of small animal practice.

[18]  M. Martano,et al.  Marginal excision of low-grade spindle cell sarcoma of canine extremities: 35 dogs (1996-2006). , 2008, Veterinary surgery : VS.

[19]  A. Rydholm,et al.  Improved prognostication in soft tissue sarcoma: independent information from vascular invasion, necrosis, growth pattern, and immunostaining using whole-tumor sections and tissue microarrays. , 2005, Human pathology.

[20]  Seiichi Matsumoto,et al.  The Concept of Curative Margin in Surgery for Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma , 2004, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[21]  Axel Hoos,et al.  Analysis of the Prognostic Significance of Microscopic Margins in 2,084 Localized Primary Adult Soft Tissue Sarcomas , 2002, Annals of surgery.

[22]  Jong-Hyeon Jeong,et al.  Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[23]  C. A. Kuntz,et al.  Prognostic factors for surgical treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs: 75 cases (1986-1996). , 1997, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[24]  J. Petiot,et al.  Prognostic factors in soft tissue sarcomas. A multivariate analysis of 109 cases , 1989, Cancer.

[25]  J. Hendriks,et al.  Histologic multifocality of tis, T1–2 breast carcinomas implications for clinical trials of breast‐conserving surgery , 1985, Cancer.

[26]  W. Enneking,et al.  The effect of the anatomic setting on the results of surgical procedures for soft parts sarcoma of the thigh , 1981, Cancer.

[27]  K I Bland,et al.  The prognostic and therapeutic value of frozen section determinations in the surgical treatment of squamous carcinoma of the head and neck. , 1978, American journal of surgery.

[28]  F. Chu,et al.  The Problem of Local Recurrence after Treatment of Soft Tissue Sarcoma , 1968, Annals of surgery.

[29]  G. Beirne,et al.  Observations on the critical margin for the complete excision of carcinoma of the skin. , 1959, Archives of dermatology.

[30]  Sir Charles Gordon-Watson.  HOW FAR CAN RADIUM REPLACE RADICAL SURGERY FOR CANCER OF THE RECTUM , 1931, Annals of Surgery.