Bose-Einstein condensation in biological systems.

Abstract Biological systems contain dipolar elements which are capable of electric oscillations at certain specific frequencies. Longitudinal electric modes in a frequency range of 10 11 –10 12 s −1 are typical. Frohlich has suggested that if energy is supplied above a critical rate to the branch or branches of electric modes, Bose-Einstein condensation into the lowest energy state occurs. This phenomenon possibly represents a channel for various life processes such as cell division and protein synthesis. Frohlich's model is analyzed utilizing microscopic techniques, and it is subsequently concluded that Bose condensation in biosystems may occur under certain conditions.