PEDESTRIAN CRASH RECONSTRUCTION USING MULTI-BODY MODELING WITH GEOMETRICALLY DETAILED, VALIDATED VEHICLE MODELS AND ADVANCED PEDESTRIAN INJURY CRITERIA

This paper develops a method for studying pedestrian to car impacts through detailed multi-body modelling of various pedestrian anthropometries and vehicle types. The pedestrian models constitute a multi-body representation of the global joint kinematics and inertia for five representative body sizes. Advanced injury criteria are defined for the pedestrian lower extremities, knee, thorax and head. The vehicle model of a small family car is defined by a facet element mesh for the front-end and windshield of the car. The contact stiffness is variable over the location on the vehicle mesh and has been validated against experimental results and FE simulations of the EEVC impactor tests. The underlying structures of the hood are defined as rigid ellipsoids. The developed model is applied to the reconstruction of two PCDS cases with a small family car. Injury risk data was collected from the simulation model and compared to the injury outcome for the pedestrians involved in these two cases. Results of this study show that the detailed model can distinguish the injury severity for various body parts at impact locations on the vehicle. For the covering abstract see ITRD E825082.

[1]  Atsuhiro Konosu,et al.  Reconsideration of injury criteria for pedestrian subsystem legform test~Problems of rigid legform impactor , 2001 .

[2]  Marc C. Beusenberg,et al.  Biomechanically Based Design and Performance Targets for a 3-Year Old Child Crash Dummy for Frontal and Side Impact , 1997 .

[3]  Guy S. Nusholtz,et al.  Static and dynamic bending strength of the leg , 1997 .

[4]  Rolf H Eppinger,et al.  The effects of axial preload and dorsiflexion on the tolerance of the ankle/subtalar joint to dynamic inversion and eversion. , 2002, Stapp car crash journal.

[5]  Riender Happee,et al.  Pedestrian human body validation using detailed real-world accidents , 2001 .

[6]  L. M. Patrick,et al.  Strength and response of the human neck , 1971 .

[7]  K L Jarrett.  Pedestrian injury: analysis of the PCDS field collision data , 1998 .

[8]  E. Miltner,et al.  Quasistatische und dynamische Biegebelastung des kindlichen Oberschenkels zur Erzeugung einer Femurfraktur , 1989, Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin.

[9]  J. Wismans,et al.  MADYMO Pedestrian Simulations , 1983 .

[10]  D C Viano,et al.  Biomechanics of the human chest, abdomen, and pelvis in lateral impact. , 1989, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[11]  Janusz Kajzer,et al.  Response of the knee joint in lateral impact: effect of shearing loads , 1990 .

[12]  Jeffrey Richard Crandall,et al.  Vehicle impact velocity prediction from pedestrian throw distance: trade-offs between throw formulae, crash simulators, and detailed multi-body modeling , 2002 .

[13]  Dietmar Otte,et al.  Analysis and load assessment of secondary impact to adult pedestrians after car collisions on roads , 2001 .

[14]  Ruth A. Isenberg,et al.  FINAL REPORT - THE PEDESTRIAN CRASH DATA STUDY , 2001 .

[15]  Erik G. Takhounts,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED INJURY CRITERIA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ADVANCED AUTOMOTIVE RESTRAINT SYSTEMS - II , 1999 .

[16]  Y Takahashi,et al.  Development and validation of the finite element model for the human lower limb of pedestrians. , 2000, Stapp car crash journal.

[17]  Jeffrey Richard Crandall,et al.  The Tibia Index: A Step in the Right Direction , 2000 .

[18]  Xuejun Liu,et al.  Development of Child Pedestrian Mathematical Models and Evaluation with Accident Reconstruction , 2002 .

[19]  P J Schuster,et al.  Development and validation of a pedestrian lower limb non-linear 3-d finite element model. , 2000, Stapp car crash journal.

[20]  Dominique Cesari,et al.  TEST PROCEDURES FOR DEFINING BIOFIDELITY TARGETS FOR LATERAL IMPACT TEST DUMMIES , 1991 .

[21]  Jikuang Yang,et al.  Computer Simulation of Shearing and Bending Response of the Knee Joint to a Lateral Impact , 1995 .

[22]  Per Lövsund,et al.  A Human-Body 3D Mathematical Model for Simulation of Car-Pedestrian Impacts , 2000 .

[23]  Xuejun Liu,et al.  A Study of Influences of Vehicle Speed and Front Structure on Pedestrian Impact Responses Using Mathematical Models , 2002 .

[24]  Murray Mackay.  Folkore and Science in Traffic Safety: Some New Directions , 2000 .

[25]  Koji Mizuno,et al.  Head injuries in vehicle-pedestrian impact , 2000 .

[26]  Gerald W. Nyquist,et al.  Injury Tolerance Characteristics of the Adult Human Lower Extremities Under Static and Dynamic Loading , 1986 .

[27]  K Mizuno.  Head Injuries in Vehiclepedestrian impact , 2000 .

[28]  Yukou Takahashi,et al.  BIOFIDELITY OF TEST DEVICES AND VALIDITY OF INJURY CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING KNEE INJURIES TO PEDESTRIANS , 2001 .

[29]  Jason R. Kerrigan,et al.  EVALUATION OF THE RESPONSE OF MECHANICAL PEDESTRIAN KNEE JOINT IMPACTORS IN BENDING AND SHEAR LOADING , 2003 .

[30]  Yasuhiro Matsui,et al.  Shearing and bending effects at the knee joint at high speed lateral loading , 1997 .

[31]  Jikuang Yang,et al.  Computer Simulation of Impact Response of the Human Knee Joint in Car-pedestrian Accidents , 1992 .

[32]  Junji Hasegawa,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE TOTAL HUMAN MODEL FOR SAFETY (THUMS) AND APPLICATION TO CAR-PEDESTRIAN IMPACTS , 2001 .

[33]  Janusz Kajzer,et al.  Response of the knee joint in lateral impact: effect of bending moment , 1993 .

[34]  Jikuang Yang,et al.  Effects of Vehicle Impact Velocity and Front-End Structure on Dynamic Responses of Child Pedestrians , 2003, Traffic injury prevention.

[35]  Michael Kleinberger,et al.  TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPING CHILD DUMMY PROTECTION REFERENCE VALUES EVENT REPORT , 1996 .