Medical prototyping using two photon polymerization

Two photon polymerization involves nearly simultaneous absorption of ultrashort laser pulses for selective curing of photosensitive material. This process has recently been used to create small-scale medical devices out of several classes of photosensitive materials, such as acrylate-based polymers, organically-modified ceramic materials, zirconium sol-gels, and titanium-containing hybrid materials. In this review, the use of two photon polymerization for fabrication of several types of small-scale medical devices, including microneedles, artificial tissues, microfluidic devices, pumps, sensors, and valves, from computer models is described. Necessary steps in the development of two photon polymerization as a commercially viable medical device manufacturing method are also considered.

[1]  Jackie Y Ying,et al.  Three-dimensional microstructured tissue scaffolds fabricated by two-photon laser scanning photolithography. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[2]  Woo-Sik Kim,et al.  Development of glucose sensor using two-photon adsorbed photopolymerization , 2010, Bioprocess and biosystems engineering.

[3]  Boris N. Chichkov,et al.  Rapid prototyping of ossicular replacement prostheses , 2007 .

[4]  Minna Kellomäki,et al.  A review of rapid prototyping techniques for tissue engineering purposes , 2008, Annals of medicine.

[5]  D. Gray,et al.  Two-photon polymerization of titanium-containing sol–gel composites for three-dimensional structure fabrication , 2010 .

[6]  Dong-Yol Yang,et al.  TWO-PHOTON STEREOLITHOGRAPHY , 2007 .

[7]  Theodore S. Drakakis,et al.  Construction of three-dimensional biomolecule structures employing femtosecond lasers , 2006 .

[8]  Hirofumi Hidai,et al.  The effect of micronscale anisotropic cross patterns on fibroblast migration. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[9]  Bahaa E. A. Saleh,et al.  Replication of Two-Photon-Polymerized Structures with Extremely High Aspect Ratios and Large Overhangs , 2004 .

[10]  Aleksandr Ovsianikov,et al.  Fabrication of Polymer Microneedles Using a Two-Photon Polymerization and Micromolding Process , 2009, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[11]  K. Venkatakrishnan,et al.  Single step self-enclosed fluidic channels via Two Photon Absorption (TPA) polymerization. , 2010, Optics express.

[12]  Loon-Seng Tan,et al.  Direct three-dimensional microfabrication of hydrogels via two-photon lithography in aqueous solution. , 2009, Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society.

[13]  S J Hollister,et al.  Computed tomography‐based tissue‐engineered scaffolds in craniomaxillofacial surgery , 2007, The international journal of medical robotics + computer assisted surgery : MRCAS.

[14]  X. Duan,et al.  Fast solvent-driven micropump fabricated by two-photon microfabrication , 2008 .

[15]  A. Ostendorf,et al.  Towards nanostructuring with femtosecond laser pulses , 2003 .

[16]  P A Webb,et al.  A review of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques in the medical and biomedical sector , 2000, Journal of medical engineering & technology.

[17]  Paul J Campagnola,et al.  Multiphoton excited fabricated nano and micro patterned extracellular matrix proteins direct cellular morphology. , 2006, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[18]  Boris N. Chichkov,et al.  Materials processing: Two-photon fabrication , 2009 .

[19]  L. Koch,et al.  Laser printing of cells into 3D scaffolds , 2010, Biofabrication.

[20]  Wei Sun,et al.  Computer‐aided tissue engineering: overview, scope and challenges , 2004, Biotechnology and applied biochemistry.

[21]  G. Pins,et al.  Multiphoton excited fabrication of collagen matrixes cross-linked by a modified benzophenone dimer: bioactivity and enzymatic degradation. , 2005, Biomacromolecules.

[22]  Koji Ikuta,et al.  Force-controllable, optically driven micromachines fabricated by single-step two-photon microstereolithography , 2003 .

[23]  Aleksandr Ovsianikov,et al.  Two‐photon polymerization technique for microfabrication of CAD‐designed 3D scaffolds from commercially available photosensitive materials , 2007, Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

[24]  Andrea Reinhardt,et al.  3D-CSP: an innovative packaging method based on RMPD , 2001, Microelectronic and MEMS Technologies.

[25]  D. Hutmacher,et al.  Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage. , 2000, Biomaterials.

[26]  K Sternberg,et al.  Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[27]  Jan Feijen,et al.  A poly(D,L-lactide) resin for the preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds by stereolithography. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[28]  C. Garrett,et al.  Two-Photon Excitation in CaF 2 : Eu 2+ , 1961 .

[29]  K. Venkatakrishnan,et al.  Maskless fabrication of nano-fluidic channels by two-photon absorption (TPA) polymerization of SU-8 on glass substrate. , 2009, Optics express.

[30]  Eric Mazur,et al.  3D Cell‐Migration Studies using Two‐Photon Engineered Polymer Scaffolds , 2008 .

[31]  Philip Dickens,et al.  Rapid Product Development in the USA, Europe and Japan , 1994 .

[32]  Satoshi Kawata,et al.  Improved spatial resolution and surface roughness in photopolymerization-based laser nanowriting , 2005 .

[33]  Pál Ormos,et al.  Optical microassembly platform for constructing reconfigurable microenvironments for biomedical studies. , 2009, Optics express.

[34]  B. Krauskopf,et al.  Proc of SPIE , 2003 .

[35]  Maria Goeppert-Mayer.  Über Elementarakte mit zwei Quantensprüngen , 1931 .

[36]  Aleksandr Ovsianikov,et al.  Two-photon polymerization of microneedles for transdermal drug delivery , 2010, Expert opinion on drug delivery.

[37]  Bo Tan,et al.  Micro-fluidic channel fabrication via two-photon absorption (TPA) polymerization assisted ablation , 2009 .

[38]  Jennifer L. West,et al.  Three-dimensional photolithographic patterning of multiple bioactive ligands in poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels , 2010 .

[39]  R. Inführ,et al.  Photopolymers for rapid prototyping , 2007 .

[40]  Dong-Yol Yang,et al.  Advances in 3D nano/microfabrication using two-photon initiated polymerization , 2008 .

[41]  Malcolm N. Cooke,et al.  Use of stereolithography to manufacture critical-sized 3D biodegradable scaffolds for bone ingrowth. , 2003, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[42]  Duc Truong Pham,et al.  A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies , 1998 .

[43]  Hong Xia,et al.  Femtosecond laser rapid prototyping of nanoshells and suspending components towards microfluidic devices. , 2009, Lab on a chip.

[44]  Shoji Maruo,et al.  Recent progress in multiphoton microfabrication , 2008 .

[45]  S. Kawata,et al.  Three-dimensional microfabrication with two-photon-absorbed photopolymerization. , 1997, Optics letters.

[46]  Yong Huang,et al.  Laser-based direct-write techniques for cell printing , 2010, Biofabrication.

[47]  Aleksandr Ovsianikov,et al.  Multiphoton microscopy of transdermal quantum dot delivery using two photon polymerization-fabricated polymer microneedles. , 2011, Faraday discussions.

[48]  B. Chichkov,et al.  Two photon induced polymerization of organic-inorganic hybrid biomaterials for microstructured medical devices. , 2006, Acta biomaterialia.

[49]  Kevin D Belfield,et al.  High-speed multiphoton absorption polymerization: fabrication of microfluidic channels with arbitrary cross-sections and high aspect ratios. , 2010, Lab on a chip.

[50]  A. B. Frazier,et al.  Characterization of surface micromachined metallic microneedles , 2003 .

[51]  P. Campagnola,et al.  Properties of crosslinked protein matrices for tissue engineering applications synthesized by multiphoton excitation. , 2004, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[52]  Dong-Yol Yang,et al.  Recent developments in the use of two‐photon polymerization in precise 2D and 3D microfabrications , 2006 .

[53]  Hirofumi Hidai,et al.  Self-standing aligned fiber scaffold fabrication by two photon photopolymerization , 2009, Biomedical microdevices.

[54]  Sergej Fatikow,et al.  Development of a Novel Process Chain Based on Atomic Force Microscopy Scratching for Small and Medium Series Production of Polymer Nanostructured Components , 2010 .

[55]  C. Fotakis,et al.  On the design and fabrication by two-photon polymerization of a readily assembled micro-valve , 2010 .

[56]  Costas Fotakis,et al.  Three-dimensional biodegradable structures fabricated by two-photon polymerization. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.