Scaffolding in Early Reading Activities for Down Syndrome

The learning difficulties of Down Syndrome students are often related to limitation of their short term memory. They have constraints in separating the information received by the brain. This leads to difficulties in reading process. Therefore, they fail to focus when learning. Scaffolding is a systematic assistance used to ease the burden of the short term memory of the Down Syndrome students. The Scaffolding models are integrated in the development of the early reading multimedia courseware called MEL-SindD in order to give confidence and motivation to them in their early reading stage.

[1]  L. Vygotsky Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes: Harvard University Press , 1978 .

[2]  J. Wishart,et al.  Motivation and learning styles in young children with Down syndrome. , 2001, Down's syndrome, research and practice : the journal of the Sarah Duffen Centre.

[3]  Richard E. Clark,et al.  Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching , 2006 .

[4]  J. Bruner,et al.  The role of tutoring in problem solving. , 1976, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[5]  S. Buckley,et al.  Social development for individuals with Down syndrome - An overview , 2002 .

[6]  Tina Sharpe,et al.  ‘Unpacking’ Scaffolding: Identifying Discourse and Multimodal Strategies that Support Learning , 2006 .

[7]  Jill M. Pentimonti,et al.  Teachers’ Use of Scaffolding Strategies During Read Alouds in the Preschool Classroom , 2009 .

[8]  Mark Guzdial,et al.  Apprenticeship-based learning environments: a principled approach to providing software-realized scaffolding through hypermedia , 1998 .

[9]  Laura B. Smolkin,et al.  Children's genre knowledge: An examination of K-5 students' performance on multiple tasks providing differing levels of scaffolding , 2002 .

[10]  Lorrie A. Shepard,et al.  Linking Formative Assessment to Scaffolding , 2005 .

[11]  Bushro Ali,et al.  Kejuruteraan Perisian Kursus Multimedia Matematik Berasaskan Model Kecerdasan Pelbagai (MI-MathS) , 2008 .

[12]  Michael J. Hannafin,et al.  Scaffolding 6th graders’ problem solving in technology-enhanced science classrooms: a qualitative case study , 2011 .

[13]  Nelson Cowan,et al.  Working Memory Capacity , 2005 .

[14]  Ian J. Pitt,et al.  Interaction design: a multidimensional approach for learners with autism , 2006, IDC '06.

[15]  M. David Merrill,et al.  First principles of instruction , 2012 .

[16]  Patricia Logan Oelwein,et al.  Teaching Reading to Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Teachers. Topics in Down Syndrome. , 1995 .

[17]  N. Brace,et al.  An introduction to cognitive psychology: processes and disorders. 2nd edition , 1999 .

[18]  Jennifer Hammond,et al.  Scaffolding: Teaching and Learning in Language and Literacy Education. , 2001 .

[19]  R. Bruning Cognitive Psychology and Instruction , 1998 .

[20]  J. C. Winnips Scaffolding by design: a model for WWW-based learner support , 2001 .

[21]  Joseph Krajcik,et al.  Supporting Students' Construction of Scientific Explanations by Fading Scaffolds in Instructional Materials , 2006 .

[22]  Joseph Krajcik,et al.  The design of guided learner-adaptable scaffolding in interactive learning environments , 1996, CHI.

[23]  Ivan L. Beale,et al.  Scaffolding and integrated assessment in computer assisted learning (CAL) for children with learning disabilities , 2005 .