Enzymatic DNA methylation in higher eukaryotes.

Abstract 1. 1. The present knowledge on enzymatic DNA methylation in higher eukaryotes is critically reviewed. 2. 2. The paper concentrates on DNA replication and methylation, DNA methylation during ontogenesis, distribution of 5-methylcytosine in chromosomal DNA, the relation between DNA methylation and oncogenesis, DNA methylating enzymes, and the possible existence of modification and restriction systems in eukaryotic cells. 3. 3. Methods for analysis of the DNA methylating process are also discussed.

[1]  N. Morris,et al.  Mechanism of action of rat liver DNA methylase. II. Interaction with single-stranded methyl-acceptor DNA. , 1971, Journal of molecular biology.

[2]  I. Lacko,et al.  Enzymatic DNA methylation during repair synthesis in non-proliferating human peripheral lymphocytes. , 1976, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[3]  R. Holliday,et al.  A new theory of carcinogenesis , 1979, British Journal of Cancer.

[4]  H. Bünemann,et al.  Analysis of calf-thymus satellite DNA: evidence for specific methylation of cytosine in C-G sequences. , 1977, European journal of biochemistry.

[5]  R. Burdon,et al.  Mouse DNA methylase: methylation of native DNA. , 1979, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[6]  V. Craddock,et al.  Methylation of transfer RNA and of ribosomal RNA in rat liver in the intact animal and the effect of carcinogens. , 1969, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[7]  P. Price,et al.  Correlation between hypomethylation of DNA and expression of globin genes in Friend erythroleukemia cells. , 1977, European journal of biochemistry.

[8]  P. R. Srinivasan,et al.  Enzymatic alteration of macromolecular structure. , 1966, Progress in nucleic acid research and molecular biology.

[9]  J. H. Taylor,et al.  Methylation of DNA in early development: 5-methyl cytosine content of DNA in sea urchin sperm and embryos. , 1978, Nucleic acids research.

[10]  A. Bird,et al.  Use of restriction enzymes to study eukaryotic DNA methylation: I. The methylation pattern in ribosomal DNA from Xenopus laevis. , 1978, Journal of molecular biology.

[11]  R. Flavell,et al.  DNA methylation at a CCGG sequence in the large intron of the rabbit beta-globin gene: tissue-specific variations. , 1978, Nucleic acids research.

[12]  R. Sager,et al.  Role of methylation in the modification and restriction of chloroplast DNA in Chlamydomonas. , 1979, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[13]  R. Adams.  The relationship between synthesis and methylation of DNA in mouse fibroblasts. , 1971, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[14]  R. H. Stellwagen,et al.  5-Methylcytosine content of rat hepatoma DNA substituted with bromodeoxyuridine. , 1977, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[15]  J. McGhee,et al.  Specific DNA methylation sites in the vicinity of the chicken β-globin genes , 1979, Nature.

[16]  C. Salas,et al.  Effect of modification by N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene on the level of DNA methylation , 1979, Nature.

[17]  D Drahovsky,et al.  Unmethylated DNA in mouse L cells. I. DNA fibre autoradiography. , 1976, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[18]  W. Kreis,et al.  Distribution pattern and enzymic hypermethylation of inverted repetitive DNA sequences in P815 mastocytoma cells. , 1979, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[19]  W. Doerfler,et al.  DNA methylation in adenovirus, adenovirus-transformed cells, and host cells. , 1976, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  M. M. Nass.  Differential methylation of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in cultured mouse, hamster and virus-transformed hamster cells. In vivo and in vitro methylation. , 1973, Journal of molecular biology.

[21]  R. Cox.  DNA methylase inhibition in vitro by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. , 1980, Cancer research.

[22]  S. Kaul,et al.  Enzymatic hypermethylation of DNA in mouse-mouse somatic cell hybrids. , 1980, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[23]  M. Groudine,et al.  Chromosomal subunits in active genes have an altered conformation. , 1976, Science.

[24]  R. Sager,et al.  Methylation of chloroplast DNAs in the life cycle of Chlamydomonas. , 1979, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  P Chambon,et al.  DNA methylation: correlation with DNase I sensitivity of chicken ovalbumin and conalbumin chromatin. , 1979, Nucleic acids research.

[26]  J. Sedat,et al.  Analysis of 5-methylcytosine in DNA. I. Mass spectrometry. , 1976, Analytical biochemistry.

[27]  V. Craddock.  Methylation of DNA in the intact animal and the effect of the carcinogens dimethylnitrosamine and ethionine , 1971 .

[28]  R. Adams,et al.  DNA methylase: purification from ascites cells and the effect of various DNA substrates on its activity. , 1976, Nucleic acids research.

[29]  R. Adams.  Newly synthesised DNA is not methylated , 1974 .

[30]  T. Boehm,et al.  Enzymatic hypomethylation of inverted repeats in transcribed DNA regions of mouse P815 mastocytoma cells. , 1981, The International journal of biochemistry.

[31]  J. Kappler,et al.  The kinetics of DNA methylation in cultures of a mouse adrenal cell line , 1970, Journal of cellular physiology.

[32]  G. R. Wyatt,et al.  Recognition and estimation of 5-methylcytosine in nucleic acids. , 1951, The Biochemical journal.

[33]  M. Levine,et al.  Studies on ethionine. III. Incorporation of ethionine into rat proteins. , 1951, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[34]  R Holliday,et al.  DNA modification mechanisms and gene activity during development , 1975, Science.

[35]  P. H. Roy,et al.  DNA methylase from HeLa cell nuclei. , 1975, Nucleic acids research.

[36]  C. A. Thomas,et al.  Palindromes in chromosomes. , 1974, Journal of molecular biology.

[37]  E D Rubery,et al.  DNA methylation in normal and tumour virus-transformed cells in tissue culture. I. The level of DNA methylation in BHK21 cells and in BHK21 cells transformed by polyoma virus (PyY cells). , 1973, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[38]  A. Bird,et al.  Methylated and unmethylated DNA compartments in the sea urchin genome , 1979, Cell.

[39]  N. Morris,et al.  The mechanism of action of rat liver DNA methylase. 3. Nucleotide requirements for binding and methylation. , 1972, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[40]  W. Warren,et al.  Alkylation of deoxyribonucleic acid in vivo in various organs of C57BL mice by the carcinogens N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and ethyl methanesulphonate in relation to induction of thymic lymphoma. Some applications of high-pressure liquid chromatography. , 1978, The Biochemical journal.

[41]  A. Riggs,et al.  Sensitive detection of 5-methylcytosine and quantitation of the 5-methylcytosine/cytosine ratio in DNA by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry using multiple specific ion monitoring. , 1979, Analytical biochemistry.

[42]  A. Riggs,et al.  On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes. , 1968, Journal of molecular biology.

[43]  R. Burdon,et al.  Mammalian DNA methylation and a nuclear S‐adenosyl L‐methionine‐dependent nuclease activity , 1979, FEBS letters.

[44]  R. Sager,et al.  Selective silencing of eukaryotic DNA , 1975, Science.

[45]  A. Riggs,et al.  Methylation of DNA in mouse early embryos, teratocarcinoma cells and adult tissues of mouse and rabbit. , 1979, Nucleic acids research.

[46]  J. Sedat,et al.  Structure of the DNA of bacteriophage phiX174. VII. Methylation. , 1970, Journal of molecular biology.

[47]  J. H. Spencer,et al.  Nucleotide clusters in deoxyribonucleic acids. XII. The distribution of 5-methylcytosine in pyrimidine oligonucleotides of mouse L-cell satellite DNA and main band DNA. , 1975, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[48]  D. Drahovsky,et al.  Effect of carcinogen ethionine on enzymatic methylation of DNA sequences with various degrees of repetitiveness. , 1979, European journal of cancer.

[49]  A. Bird,et al.  Use of restriction enzymes to study eukaryotic DNA methylation: II. The symmetry of methylated sites supports semi-conservative copying of the methylation pattern. , 1978, Journal of molecular biology.

[50]  G. R. Wyatt.  The purine and pyrimidine composition of deoxypentose nucleic acids. , 1951, The Biochemical journal.

[51]  H. H. Evans,et al.  Methylation of parental and progeny DNA strands in Physarum polycephalum. , 1973, Journal of molecular biology.

[52]  J. Kappler,et al.  The 5‐methylcytosine content of DNA: Tissue specificity , 1971, Journal of cellular physiology.

[53]  H. Cedar,et al.  Organization of 5-methylcytosine in chromosomal DNA. , 1978, Biochemistry.

[54]  D E Graham,et al.  Analysis of repeating DNA sequences by reassociation. , 1974, Methods in enzymology.

[55]  J. Gall,et al.  Satellite DNA sequences in Drosophila virilis. , 1974, Journal of molecular biology.

[56]  H. Döring,et al.  DNA-methylase from regenerating rat liver: purification and characterisation. , 1978, Nucleic acids research.

[57]  D. Billen,et al.  Methylation rapidly reannealing DNA during the cell cycle of Chinese hamster cells. , 1973, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[58]  W. M. Teague,et al.  S-adenosylmethionine: DNA-cytosine 5-methyltransferase from a Novikoff rat hepatoma cell line. , 1975, Nucleic acids research.

[59]  A. Kaye,et al.  Mouse nuclear satellite DNA: 5-methylcytosine content, pyrimidine isoplith distribution and electron microscopic appearance. , 1969, Journal of molecular biology.

[60]  R H Burdon,et al.  The distribution of modified and non‐modified CG doublets in BHK‐21 cell DNA , 1978, FEBS letters.

[61]  P Chambon,et al.  DNA methylation: organ specific variations in the methylation pattern within and around ovalbumin and other chicken genes. , 1979, Nucleic acids research.

[62]  Arthur D. Riggs,et al.  X inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation. , 1975, Cytogenetics and cell genetics.

[63]  E. Scarano.  The control of gene function in cell differentiation and in embryogenesis. , 1971, Advances in cytopharmacology.

[64]  K. Lark,et al.  Effect of puromycin on DNA replication in Chinese hamster cells. , 1973, Journal of Molecular Biology.

[65]  A. Wacker,et al.  Inactivation of mammalian DNA methylase activities by n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine. , 1975, European journal of cancer.

[66]  R. Newbold,et al.  Mutagenicity of carcinogenic methylating agents is associated with a specific DNA modification , 1980, Nature.

[67]  R. Desrosiers,et al.  Methylation of Herpesvirus saimiri DNA in lymphoid tumor cell lines. , 1979, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[68]  A. Pegg.  Studies of the ethylation of rat liver transfer ribonucleic acid after administration of L-ethionine. , 1972, The Biochemical journal.

[69]  R Baur,et al.  Methylation of DNA in developing embryos of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. , 1979, Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fur physiologische Chemie.