Raman spectroscopy, a potential tool in diagnosis and prognosis of castration-resistant prostate cancer

Abstract. Purpose: We evaluated the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy (RS) in diagnosis and prognosis of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in patients with prostate cancer (PC). Materials and methods: Raman spectra are detected from PC cell lines (LNCaP and C4-2) and tissues using a Labram HR 800 RS. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) are applied for prediction. A leave-one-out cross-validation is used to train and test the SVM. Results: There are 50 qualified patients, including 33 with androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) and 17 with CRPC. The spectral changes at 1126, 1170, 1315 to 1338, and 1447  cm−1 between CRPC and ADPC are detected in both cells and tissues models, which are assigned to specific amino acids and DNA. PCA/SVM algorithm provided a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 87.9% for diagnosing CRPC tissues. Furthermore, 14 patients with ADPC progressed to CRPC within 12 months. These patients are separated into two groups depending on whether their cancers progressed to CRPC within 12 months. PCA/SVM could differentiate these two groups with a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 88.9%. Conclusions: RS has the potential in diagnosis and prognosis of CRPC in clinical practice.

[1]  Christiaan F P van Swol,et al.  In vivo bladder cancer diagnosis by high-volume Raman spectroscopy. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[2]  Ganesh D. Sockalingum,et al.  Raman spectral imaging of single cancer cells: probing the impact of sample fixation methods , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[3]  K. Maquelin,et al.  Discrimination between nontumor bladder tissue and tumor by Raman spectroscopy. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  Rohit Bhargava,et al.  Characterization of tumor progression in engineered tissue using infrared spectroscopic imaging. , 2010, The Analyst.

[5]  Rohit Bhargava,et al.  Towards a practical Fourier transform infrared chemical imaging protocol for cancer histopathology , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[6]  John Maier,et al.  Raman molecular imaging: a novel spectroscopic technique for diagnosis of bladder cancer in urine specimens. , 2011, European urology.

[7]  C. Roehrborn,et al.  Gleason score predicts androgen independent progression after androgen deprivation therapy. , 2002, European urology.

[8]  Mads S. Bergholt,et al.  In vivo diagnosis of gastric cancer using Raman endoscopy and ant colony optimization techniques , 2011, International journal of cancer.

[9]  Lotfi Senhadji,et al.  Raman spectroscopy: a novel experimental approach to evaluating renal tumours. , 2010, European urology.

[10]  I. Tannock,et al.  Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  A. Jemal,et al.  Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975‐2006, featuring colorectal cancer trends and impact of interventions (risk factors, screening, and treatment) to reduce future rates , 2010, Cancer.

[12]  M W Kattan,et al.  Primary human prostate cancer cells harboring p53 mutations are clonally expanded in metastases. , 1997, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[13]  H. Byrne,et al.  Vibrational spectroscopy for cervical cancer pathology, from biochemical analysis to diagnostic tool. , 2007, Experimental and molecular pathology.

[14]  N. Stone,et al.  The use of Raman spectroscopy to identify and characterize transitional cell carcinoma in vitro , 2004, BJU international.

[15]  L. Chung,et al.  Androgen-independent cancer progression and bone metastasis in the LNCaP model of human prostate cancer. , 1994, Cancer research.

[16]  Jin Tae Kwak,et al.  Multimodal microscopy for automated histologic analysis of prostate cancer , 2011, BMC Cancer.

[17]  Daniel J. Culkin,et al.  Bilateral orchiectomy with or without flutamide for metastatic prostate cancer. , 1998, New England Journal of Medicine.

[18]  C. Croce,et al.  Bcl2 is the guardian of microtubule integrity. , 1997, Cancer research.

[19]  Joe M. Byrne,et al.  Raman Spectroscopic Evaluation of Efficacy of Current Paraffin Wax Section Dewaxing Agents , 2005, The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society.

[20]  L. Chung,et al.  PrLZ protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis induced by androgen deprivation via the activation of Stat3/Bcl-2 pathway. , 2011, Cancer research.

[21]  L. Egevad,et al.  The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma , 2005, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[22]  Alex Henderson,et al.  Discrimination of prostate cancer cells by reflection mode FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy. , 2007, The Analyst.

[23]  S. Hewitt,et al.  Infrared spectroscopic imaging for histopathologic recognition , 2005, Nature Biotechnology.

[24]  Judith D Goldberg,et al.  Three-year postoperative ultrasensitive prostate-specific antigen following open radical retropubic prostatectomy is a predictor for delayed biochemical recurrence. , 2011, European urology.

[25]  Ming-Tsang Wu,et al.  Impact of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) nadir and time to PSA nadir on disease progression in prostate cancer treated with androgen‐deprivation therapy , 2011, The Prostate.

[26]  M Bolla,et al.  EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. , 2001, European urology.

[27]  N Stone,et al.  The use of Raman spectroscopy to identify and grade prostatic adenocarcinoma in vitro , 2003, British Journal of Cancer.

[28]  P. Goodman,et al.  A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma. , 1989, The New England journal of medicine.

[29]  N Stone,et al.  The use of Raman spectroscopy to differentiate between different prostatic adenocarcinoma cell lines , 2005, British Journal of Cancer.

[30]  Sang Eun Lee,et al.  Prognostic significance of the nadir prostate specific antigen level after hormone therapy for prostate cancer. , 2002, The Journal of urology.

[31]  Francis L Martin,et al.  Distinguishing cell types or populations based on the computational analysis of their infrared spectra , 2010, Nature Protocols.

[32]  上杉 達也,et al.  Primary Gleason grade 4 impact on biochemical recurrence after permanent interstitial brachytherapy in Japanese patients with low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer , 2011 .

[33]  R. Sylvester,et al.  Maximal Androgen Blockade: Final Analysis of EORTC Phase III Trial 30853 , 1998, European Urology.

[34]  C. Tangen,et al.  Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[35]  Athanase Billis,et al.  The impact of the 2005 international society of urological pathology consensus conference on standard Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma in needle biopsies. , 2008, The Journal of urology.

[36]  R L Vessella,et al.  Advances in Brief Amplification and Overexpression of Androgen Receptor Gene in Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer 1 , 2001 .

[37]  Ehsan Gazi,et al.  A correlation of FTIR spectra derived from prostate cancer biopsies with gleason grade and tumour stage. , 2006, European urology.