Normal distribution of tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in the uteri, placentas, and embryos of osteopetrotic (op/op) mice lacking colony-stimulating factor-1.

In order to map mouse tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) gene expression in detail and to determine whether transcription or translation of the TNF gene is regulated by uterine colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), preimplantation embryos, oviducts, uteri, and uteroplacental units were studied in various strains of mice. These included homozygous osteopetrotic (op/op) female mice, which completely lack CSF-1, and heterozygous (+/op) females, which have normal levels of CSF-1. TNF mRNA was identified in all samples except preimplantation embryos by use of Northern blot hybridization or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemical experiments showed that the TNF gene was expressed in mouse oviduct and uterine epithelial cells, decidual cells, macrophage-like cells, placental trophoblast, and embryos. Despite an absence of CSF-1, TNF gene expression in the uteri, placentas, and embryos of op/op mothers did not differ in any major respect from expression in +/op or other strains of mice. The results of this study therefore indicate that the TNF gene is transcribed and translated in an ordered sequence through mouse gestation, and that maternal CSF-1 is not essential to expression of this cytokine gene. Collectively, these findings are consistent with a major role for TNF in mouse reproduction and development and with a potential compensatory function for this potent polypeptide factor in CSF-1 deficiency.

[1]  P. Terranova,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression in mouse oocytes and follicular cells. , 1993, Biology of reproduction.

[2]  P. Vassalli,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor alpha is involved in mouse growth and lymphoid tissue development , 1992, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[3]  D. Morrison,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression in the tissues of normal mice. , 1992, Cytokine.

[4]  W. Wiktor-Jedrzejczak,et al.  Distinct in vivo functions of two macrophage subpopulations as evidenced by studies using macrophage‐deficient op/op mouse , 1992, European journal of immunology.

[5]  H. L. Chen,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in human endometrium. , 1992, Biology of reproduction.

[6]  S. Jacobsen,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor alpha directly and indirectly regulates hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation: role of colony-stimulating factor receptor modulation , 1992, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[7]  J. Pollard,et al.  Expression of colony-stimulating factor-1 in the human uterus and placenta. , 1992, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[8]  D. Kufe,et al.  Functional expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor in human THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells. , 1992, Blood.

[9]  R. Evans,et al.  Synergistic interaction of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and the monocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor: potential quantitative and qualitative changes in macrophage‐produced cytokine bioactivity , 1992, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[10]  W. Wiktor-Jedrzejczak,et al.  A pregnancy defect in the osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse demonstrates the requirement for CSF-1 in female fertility. , 1991, Developmental biology.

[11]  R. Arceci,et al.  Role of colony stimulating factor‐1 (CSF‐1) and other lympho‐hematopoietic growth factors in mouse pre‐implantation development , 1991, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[12]  J. Pollard,et al.  Lymphohematopoietic cytokines in the female reproductive tract. , 1991, Current opinion in immunology.

[13]  G. Wood,et al.  Analysis of the Number and Distribution of Macrophages, Lymphocytes, and Granulocytes in the Mouse Uterus From Implantation Through Parturition , 1991, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[14]  H. L. Chen,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA and protein are present in human placental and uterine cells at early and late stages of gestation. , 1991, The American journal of pathology.

[15]  B. Tartakovsky,et al.  Cytokines modulate preimplantation development and pregnancy. , 1991, Developmental biology.

[16]  B. Cowley,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA and protein in rat uterine and placental cells. , 1991, Journal of immunology.

[17]  M. Fishbein,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor gene expression in human vascular intimal smooth muscle cells detected by in situ hybridization. , 1990, The American journal of pathology.

[18]  R. A. Atherton,et al.  Differential responses of rat trophoblast cells and embryonic fibroblasts to cytokines that regulate proliferation and class I MHC antigen expression. , 1990, Journal of immunology.

[19]  D. Zhu,et al.  Induction of tumor necrosis factor by macrophage colony-stimulating factor in vivo. , 1990, Journal of biological response modifiers.

[20]  S. Chevalier,et al.  Inducible production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) by malignant and normal human T cells. , 1990, Leukemia.

[21]  W. Wiktor-Jedrzejczak,et al.  Total absence of colony-stimulating factor 1 in the macrophage-deficient osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[22]  J. Fishback,et al.  Identification of class I MHC mRNA in human first trimester trophoblast cells by in situ hybridization. , 1990, Journal of immunology.

[23]  S. Nishikawa,et al.  The murine mutation osteopetrosis is in the coding region of the macrophage colony stimulating factor gene , 1990, Nature.

[24]  D. Wofsy,et al.  Effects of recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor-alpha on immune function. , 1990, Journal of immunology.

[25]  J. Pollard,et al.  Regulation of polypeptide growth factor synthesis and growth factor-related gene expression in the rat and mouse uterus before and after implantation. , 1990, Journal of reproduction and fertility.

[26]  D. Kufe,et al.  Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of macrophage-specific colony stimulating factor gene expression by tumor necrosis factor. Involvement of arachidonic acid metabolites. , 1990, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[27]  R. Arceci,et al.  Temporal expression and location of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) and its receptor in the female reproductive tract are consistent with CSF-1-regulated placental development. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  S. Natori,et al.  Expression of tumor necrosis factor at a specific developmental stage of mouse embryos. , 1989, Developmental biology.

[29]  R. A. Atherton,et al.  Products of lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta) but not lipopolysaccharide modify DNA synthesis by rat trophoblast cells exhibiting the 80-kDa lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. , 1989, Journal of immunology.

[30]  J. S. Hunt,et al.  Cytokine networks in the uteroplacental unit: macrophages as pivotal regulatory cells. , 1989, Journal of reproductive immunology.

[31]  T. Marunouchi,et al.  Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by microglia and astrocytes in culture , 1989, Brain Research.

[32]  R. Redline,et al.  Localization of fetal major histocompatibility complex antigens and maternal leukocytes in murine placenta. Implications for maternal-fetal immunological relationship. , 1989, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[33]  J. Rossant,et al.  Expression of the c-fms proto-oncogene and of the cytokine, CSF-1, during mouse embryogenesis. , 1989, Developmental biology.

[34]  M. Moore,et al.  Presence of tumour necrosis factor or a related factor in human basophil/mast cells. , 1989, Immunology.

[35]  Lesley J. Murray,et al.  The abnormal T lymphocytes in lpr mice transcribe interferon‐γ and tumor necrosis factor‐α genes spontaneously in vivo , 1989, European journal of immunology.

[36]  D. Rappolee,et al.  Novel method for studying mRNA phenotypes in single or small numbers of cells , 1989, Journal of cellular biochemistry.

[37]  W. Fiers,et al.  Genes for IFN-beta-2 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor, and IL-1 are expressed at high levels in the organs of normal individuals. , 1988, Journal of immunology.

[38]  J. Bulmer,et al.  Expression of class II MHC gene products by macrophages in human uteroplacental tissue. , 1988, Immunology.

[39]  R. Arceci,et al.  Apparent role of the macrophage growth factor, CSF-1, in placental development , 1987, Nature.

[40]  W. Risau,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor type alpha, a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell growth in vitro, is angiogenic in vivo. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  P. Chomczyński,et al.  Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. , 1987, Analytical biochemistry.

[42]  P. Ralph,et al.  Macrophage growth factor CSF-1 stimulates human monocyte production of interferon, tumor necrosis factor, and colony stimulating activity. , 1986, Journal of immunology.

[43]  J. Pollard,et al.  Regulation of colony-stimulating factor 1 during pregnancy , 1986, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[44]  B. Beutler,et al.  Brief Definitive Report Cachectin/tumor Necrosis Factor Stimulates Collagenase and Prostaglandin E2 Production by Human Synovial Cells and Dermal , 2022 .

[45]  J. Pollard,et al.  Cell growth and cell proliferation may be dissociated in the mouse uterine luminal epithelium treated with female sex steroids. , 1985, Experimental cell research.

[46]  J. S. Hunt,et al.  Localization and Characterization of Macrophages in Murine Uterus , 1985, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[47]  J. Tavernier,et al.  Molecular cloning of mouse tumour necrosis factor cDNA and its eukaryotic expression. , 1985, Nucleic acids research.

[48]  B. Beutler,et al.  Purification of cachectin, a lipoprotein lipase-suppressing hormone secreted by endotoxin-induced RAW 264.7 cells , 1985, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[49]  C. Tachi,et al.  Possible involvement of macrophages in embryo--maternal relationships during ovum implantation in the rat. , 1981, The Journal of experimental zoology.

[50]  J. J. Rood,et al.  Leucocyte Antibodies in Sera from Pregnant Women , 1958, Nature.

[51]  J. Lawrence,et al.  Nucleic Acids Research Quantitative analysis of in situ hybridization methods for the detection of actin gene expression , 2005 .

[52]  J. Pollard,et al.  Macrophages in the uterus and placenta. , 1992, Current topics in microbiology and immunology.

[53]  Z. Rosenwaks,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor is present in maternal sera and embryo culture fluids during in vitro fertilization. , 1991, Journal of reproductive immunology.

[54]  B. Beutler,et al.  The biology of cachectin/TNF--a primary mediator of the host response. , 1989, Annual review of immunology.

[55]  L. Guilbert,et al.  Synergistic stimulation of macrophage proliferation by the monokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and colony-stimulating factor 1. , 1989, Blood.

[56]  V. Perry,et al.  Materials and Methods Brief Definitive Report Tumor Necrosis Factor Mrna Localized to Paneth Cells of Normal Murine Intestinal Epithelium by in Situ Hybridization , 2022 .