Semantic 3D Modeling Based on CityGML for Ancient Chinese-Style Architectural Roofs of Digital Heritage

Ancient Chinese-style architecture has received increased attention during the last century as a segment of cultural heritage and is of great significance, specifically in regard to the process of digitizing and modeling these buildings to preserve and protect this heritage. Because the roof form reflects the age of the structure, the structural character and the historical culture of the ancient building, constructing a refined model for the roof is a primary aspect of the 3D modeling procedure. To avoid cumbersome traditional modeling approaches that use geometry units, such as points, lines and triangles, a flexible semantic method is proposed in this study to improve modeling efficiency and reduce the professional requirements. In this method, a two-level semantic decomposition of the roof is presented according to the characteristics of ancient Chinese-style architecture. The structural level reveals the basic components that determine its structural shape, and the decorative level refers to the attached components that influence the exterior appearance. The assembly validity of the decomposed elements and the combined diversity of the integrated entities are ensured by topological constraints and derived transformations of the semantic components. This proposed method was implemented by utilizing CityGML (City Geography Markup Language) via the ADE (Application Domain Extension) mechanism and was tested by modeling the principal buildings included in the Palace Museum.

[1]  Feng Luo,et al.  A two-level topological model for 3D features in CityGML , 2016, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[2]  Lutz Plümer,et al.  CityGML – Interoperable semantic 3D city models , 2012 .

[3]  C. Brenner.  Building reconstruction from images and laser scanning , 2005 .

[4]  Jing Zhang,et al.  Investigation on the Weighted RANSAC Approaches for Building Roof Plane Segmentation from LiDAR Point Clouds , 2015, Remote. Sens..

[5]  Bo Wang,et al.  3D reconstruction of building facade with fused data of terrestrial LiDAR data and optical image , 2016 .

[6]  Hongchao Ma,et al.  Planar segmentation and topological reconstruction for urban buildings with lidar point clouds , 2011, International Symposium on Lidar and Radar Mapping Technologies.

[7]  Cora Un In Wong.  The Preservation of Macau's Intangible Colonial Heritage: the Case of Patúa , 2014 .

[8]  Karl-Heinz Häfele,et al.  OGC City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) Encoding Standard , 2012 .

[9]  Yan Sui,et al.  Structural Behaviors of Chinese Historical Timber-Frame Buildings , 2012 .

[10]  Livio De Luca,et al.  A semantic-based platform for the digital analysis of architectural heritage , 2011, Comput. Graph..

[11]  Lutz Plümer,et al.  Topology of surfaces modelling bridges and tunnels in 3D-GIS , 2011, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[12]  Lutz Plümer,et al.  How to achieve consistency for 3D city models , 2011, GeoInformatica.

[13]  H. Park.  Shared national memory as intangible heritage: re-imagining two Koreas as one nation , 2011 .

[14]  Rongbin Han,et al.  Challenging, but not Trouble-Making: cultural elites in China’s urban heritage preservation , 2016 .

[15]  J. Shan,et al.  A global optimization approach to roof segmentation from airborne lidar point clouds , 2014 .

[16]  Wuming Zhang,et al.  Semantic Decomposition and Reconstruction of Compound Buildings with Symmetric Roofs from LiDAR Data and Aerial Imagery , 2015, Remote. Sens..

[17]  Michele De Carli,et al.  CFD modelling and thermal performance analysis of a wooden ventilated roof structure , 2009 .

[18]  AbdulLateef Olanrewaju,et al.  Maintenance of Heritage Building: A Case Study from Ipoh, Malaysia , 2016 .

[19]  J. Gong,et al.  3D Building Model Reconstruction from Multi-view Aerial Imagery and Lidar Data , 2011 .

[20]  Y. Lei,et al.  Three fabricated pigments (Han purple, indigo and emerald green) in ancient Chinese artifacts studied by Raman microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry and polarized light microscopy , 2007 .

[21]  Qing Zhu,et al.  A semantics-constrained profiling approach to complex 3D city models , 2013, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[22]  Thomas H. Kolbe,et al.  Representing and Exchanging 3D City Models with CityGML , 2009 .

[23]  S. Roesler,et al.  Interactive three-dimensional visualization and creation of geometries for Monte Carlo calculations , 2006 .

[24]  Jin Liu,et al.  Rule-Based Generation of Ancient Chinese Architecture from the Song Dynasty , 2016, ACM Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage.

[25]  Qiong Zhang,et al.  The Smart Architect: Scalable Ontology-Based Modeling of Ancient Chinese Architectures , 2008, IEEE Intelligent Systems.

[26]  I. Dowman,et al.  Data fusion of high-resolution satellite imagery and LiDAR data for automatic building extraction * , 2007 .

[27]  G. Catsadorakis.  The Conservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Europe and the Mediterranean: A Gordian Knot? , 2007 .

[28]  N. Coops,et al.  Canopy surface reconstruction from a LiDAR point cloud using Hough transform , 2010 .

[29]  Jie Shan,et al.  Segmentation and Reconstruction of Polyhedral Building Roofs From Aerial Lidar Point Clouds , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[30]  Qp P. Shen,et al.  Ancient Chinese Timber Architecture. I: Experimental Study , 2001 .

[31]  Richard H. Crawford,et al.  Three-dimensional halfspace constructive solid geometry tree construction from implicit boundary representations , 2003, SM '03.

[32]  Deren Li,et al.  Application of computer technic in the reconstruct of Chinese ancient buildings , 2003 .

[33]  Sendo Wang,et al.  Least‐squares model‐image fitting of floating models for building extraction from images , 2009 .

[34]  Yahaya Ahmad,et al.  The Scope and Definitions of Heritage: From Tangible to Intangible , 2006 .

[35]  Marilena Vecco,et al.  A definition of cultural heritage: From the tangible to the intangible , 2010 .

[36]  Soon Tee Teoh,et al.  Generalized Descriptions for the Procedural Modeling of Ancient East Asian Buildings , 2009, CAe.

[37]  Hirokazu Yamamoto,et al.  Standing tree assessment for the maintenance of historic wooden buildings: a case study of a World Heritage site in China , 2013 .

[38]  C. Fraser,et al.  Automatic extraction of building roofs using LIDAR data and multispectral imagery , 2013 .

[39]  Changjae Kim,et al.  Object-Based Integration of Photogrammetric and LiDAR Data for Automated Generation of Complex Polyhedral Building Models , 2009, Sensors.

[40]  Jianxiong Xiao,et al.  Reconstructing the World's Museums , 2012, ECCV.

[41]  S. Alves.  Affordances of Historic Urban Landscapes: an Ecological Understanding of Human Interaction with the Past , 2015 .

[42]  Yong Liu,et al.  Semantic modeling for ancient architecture of digital heritage , 2006, Comput. Graph..

[43]  Feng Luo,et al.  3D modeling of the ownership structure of condominium units , 2016, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[44]  F. Tarsha-Kurdi,et al.  Model-driven and data-driven approaches using LIDAR data: analysis and comparison , 2007 .