Polypharmacy and Lack of Joy Are Related to Physical Frailty among Northern Japanese Community-Dwellers from the ORANGE Cohort Study

Introduction: A prevalence of frailty is gradually increasing with the progress of aging in Japan, and critical challenges regarding early diagnosis and prevention of frailty were necessary in community. Although previous studies have well documented the characteristics of physical disability, there is limited information on frail state differences among older adults in Japanese rural areas. The aim of our cross-sectional observational study was to clarify the association of frail status in northern Japanese community-dwellers aged 65 or more. Methods: 345 participants were recruited from 2018 to 2020, and after getting informed consent from each participant, assessments and outcomes were evaluated according to the ORANGE protocol. We applied the frailty index of Gerontology-the Study of Geriatric Syndromes (NCGG-SGS) to classify frailty status by collecting data of demographics and psychosocial status using the Kihon checklist (KCL) and cognitive domains used by the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology-Functional Assessment Tool (NCGG-FAT). Results: Our subjects included 313 older adults divided into 138 robust, 163 prefrail, and 12 frail. For statistical analysis, we found that the frail group had a lower educational duration, worsened KCL items, lower cognitive functions, and a tendency toward depression compared to the other groups. Moreover, physical frailty and cognitive decline were related, and polypharmacy and a lack of joy in daily life were explanatory variables of frail status. Conclusions: We suggest that KCL is important for frail discrimination, and in order to prevent physical frailty, our community should take care of not only exercise and nutrition but also cognitive functioning and depressive tendencies. In particular, polypharmacy and the presence of fun in your life are possible to be related to frailty.