Spatial Factors in Visual Attention: Some Compensatory Effects of Location and Time of Arrival of Nontargets

It is well established that the identity of nontarget events may affect reaction to a target event, but that spatial separation between the two will reduce such an influence. Two experiments are reported in which an attempt was made to distinguish between two accounts of this effect. On one, some of the information about events spatially distant from the target is shut out from analysis altogether. On the other, such events are fully analysed, but either the analysis proceeds more slowly or else it starts only after a delay. In the experiments the time of arrival of, and the distance between, the target and nontarget events were systematically varied. The conventional effects of the distance of nontargets from target were greatly reduced when the target and nontarget events were asynchronous. If the nontargets arrived first, they had an effect on reaction to the target whether they were near to or far from it. If they arrived second, their identity had no effect at either separation. These results appear to rule out any simple view of attention according to which information outside the target region is denied analysis. Rather, distant nontarget events are analysed, but produce their effects at a later time than less peripheral events.

[1]  M. R. Houck,et al.  The role of attentional resources in automatic detection , 1983, Cognitive Psychology.

[2]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task , 1974 .

[3]  Charles W. Eriksen,et al.  The effect of flanking letters and digits on speed of identifying a letter , 1973 .

[4]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Temporal course of selective attention. , 1969, Journal of experimental psychology.

[5]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Temporal and spatial characteristics of selective encoding from visual displays , 1972 .

[6]  David A. Taylor Time Course of Context Effects. , 1977 .

[7]  S. Tipper,et al.  Selective Attention and Priming: Inhibitory and Facilitatory Effects of Ignored Primes , 1985, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[8]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Some characteristics of selective attention in visual perception determined by vocal reaction time , 1972 .

[9]  David LaBerge,et al.  Spatial extent of attention to letters and words , 1983 .

[10]  S. Tipper The Negative Priming Effect: Inhibitory Priming by Ignored Objects , 1985, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[11]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Visual masking in multielement displays. , 1970, Journal of experimental psychology.

[12]  D. Broadbent,et al.  Encoding Speed of Visual Features and the Occurrence of Illusory Conjunctions , 1986, Perception.

[13]  Anne Treisman,et al.  Features and objects in visual processing , 1986 .

[14]  A. van der Heijden,et al.  Target-noise separation in visual selective attention. , 1986, Acta psychologica.

[15]  J. Duncan The locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli. , 1980, Psychological review.

[16]  H. Egeth,et al.  Failure of spatial selectivity in vision , 1978 .

[17]  G. Humphreys On Varying the Span of Visual Attention: Evidence for Two Modes of Spatial Attention , 1981 .

[18]  A. Treisman,et al.  Emergent features, attention, and object perception. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[19]  William C. Ogden,et al.  Attended and unattended processing modes: The role of set for spatial location , 2014 .

[20]  D. Broadbent Task combination and selective intake of information. , 1982, Acta psychologica.

[21]  C W Eriksen,et al.  Information processing in visual search: A continuous flow conception and experimental results , 1979, Perception & psychophysics.

[22]  S. Yantis,et al.  Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: evidence from visual search. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.