The accurate use of impedance analysis for the study of microbial electrochemical systems.

The present critical review aims to portray the principles and theoretical foundations that have been used for the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to study electron-transfer mechanisms, mass transfer phenomena and distribution of the heterogeneous properties of microbial electrochemical systems (MXCs). Over the past eight years, the application of this method has allowed major breakthroughs, especially in the field of microbial fuel cells (MFCs); however, it is still most widely extended only to the calculation of internal resistances. The use and interpretation of EIS should greatly improve since the intrinsic knowledge of this field, and efforts and current trends in this field have already allowed its understanding based on rather meaningful physical properties and not only on fitting electrical analogues. From this perspective, the use, analysis and interpretation of EIS applied to the study of MXCs are critically examined. Together with the revision of more than 150 articles directly devoted to this topic, two examples of the correct and improved analysis of EIS data are extensively presented. The first one focuses on the use of graphical methods for improving EIS analysis and the other one concentrates on the elucidation of the constant phase element (CPE) parameters. CPEs have been introduced in equivalent circuit models, sometimes without solid justification or analysis; the effective capacitance has been obtained from CPE parameters, following an unsuitable theory for the case of microbial-electrochemical interfaces. The use of CPE is reviewed in terms of meaningful physical parameters, such as biofilm thickness. The use of a finite-diffusion element is reviewed throughout estimation of accurate values for obtaining the dimensionless numbers, Schmidt and Sherwood, in the context of a dioxygen-reducing-biocathode, under different flow-rate conditions. The use and analysis of EIS in this context are still emerging, but because of the promising potential of MXCs in renewable power generation, wastewater treatment and energy-positive biorefining, among other applications, it becomes necessary to boost our global capacities for the application of EIS-and especially its interpretation-so that we achieve a better understanding and optimization of these systems.

[1]  Benjamin Erable,et al.  Combining phosphate species and stainless steel cathode to enhance hydrogen evolution in microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) , 2010 .

[2]  B. Logan,et al.  Graphite fiber brush anodes for increased power production in air-cathode microbial fuel cells. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[3]  Sumittra Charojrochkul,et al.  Impedance analysis of bio-fuel cell electrodes. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[4]  Xia Huang,et al.  Separator characteristics for increasing performance of microbial fuel cells. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[5]  J. Ni,et al.  Electricity generation from starch processing wastewater using microbial fuel cell technology. , 2009 .

[6]  Sang-Eun Oh,et al.  Voltage reversal during microbial fuel cell stack operation , 2007 .

[7]  Bruce E. Rittmann,et al.  Characterization of energy losses in an upflow single-chamber microbial electrolysis cell , 2010 .

[8]  Korneel Rabaey,et al.  Metabolic and practical considerations on microbial electrosynthesis. , 2011, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[9]  Haotian Sun,et al.  Air-cathode structure optimization in separator-coupled microbial fuel cells. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[10]  D. Macdonald.  Reflections on the history of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy , 2006 .

[11]  Korneel Rabaey,et al.  Life cycle assessment of high-rate anaerobic treatment, microbial fuel cells, and microbial electrolysis cells. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[12]  C. M. Li,et al.  Carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite as anode material for microbial fuel cells , 2007 .

[13]  C. Carrera-Figueiras,et al.  Electrochemical evaluation of Ti/TiO 2 -polyaniline Anodes for Microbial Fuel Cells using Hypersaline Microbial Consortia for Synthetic-wastewater Treatment , 2010 .

[14]  J. Lloyd,et al.  The effect of flavin electron shuttles in microbial fuel cells current production , 2010, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[15]  Mauro Majone,et al.  Electrochemically assisted methane production in a biofilm reactor , 2011 .

[16]  Boris Tartakovsky,et al.  High rate membrane-less microbial electrolysis cell for continuous hydrogen production , 2009, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

[17]  Haluk Beyenal,et al.  Scaling up microbial fuel cells. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[18]  Bruce E Logan,et al.  Microbial electrolysis cells for high yield hydrogen gas production from organic matter. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[19]  B. Logan,et al.  Performance of a pilot-scale continuous flow microbial electrolysis cell fed winery wastewater , 2011, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[20]  Bernard A. Boukamp,et al.  Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in solid state ionics: recent advances , 2004 .

[21]  H. Poggi‐Varaldo,et al.  Effects of architectural changes and inoculum type on internal resistance of a microbial fuel cell d , 2011 .

[22]  Hubertus V. M. Hamelers,et al.  Green electricity production with living plants and bacteria in a fuel cell , 2008 .

[23]  R. Ramasamy,et al.  Impact of initial biofilm growth on the anode impedance of microbial fuel cells , 2008, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[24]  Ludo Diels,et al.  Use of novel permeable membrane and air cathodes in acetate microbial fuel cells , 2010 .

[25]  Mark E. Orazem,et al.  Enhanced Graphical Representation of Electrochemical Impedance Data , 2006 .

[26]  Han-Qing Yu,et al.  Enhanced reductive degradation of methyl orange in a microbial fuel cell through cathode modification with redox mediators , 2010, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[27]  K. Rabaey,et al.  Microbial electrosynthesis — revisiting the electrical route for microbial production , 2010, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[28]  Kenneth H. Nealson,et al.  The polarization behavior of the anode in a microbial fuel cell , 2008 .

[29]  Effects of operating conditions on internal resistances in enzyme fuel cells studied via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy , 2012 .

[30]  P. Aelterman,et al.  Electricity generation in a microbial fuel cell with a microbially catalyzed cathode , 2008, Biotechnology Letters.

[31]  S. Olsen,et al.  Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) for sustainable energy production and product recovery from organic wastes and industrial wastewaters , 2012 .

[32]  H. Hamelers,et al.  Performance of single chamber biocatalyzed electrolysis with different types of ion exchange membranes. , 2007, Water research.

[33]  D. Pant,et al.  A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[34]  Keith Scott,et al.  A single-chamber microbial fuel cell as a biosensor for wastewaters. , 2009, Water research.

[35]  Hubertus V. M. Hamelers,et al.  Performance of non-porous graphite and titanium-based anodes in microbial fuel cells , 2008 .

[36]  Mark E. Orazem,et al.  Graphical Estimation of Interfacial Capacitance of PEM Fuel Cells from Impedance Measurements , 2009 .

[37]  R. Hayes,et al.  A study of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers in a monolith reactor , 1999 .

[38]  Jurg Keller,et al.  Bioelectrochemical Systems: From Extracellular Electron Transfer to Biotechnological Application , 2009 .

[39]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Investigation of ionic polymer cathode binders for microbial fuel cells , 2010 .

[40]  Matthias Wessling,et al.  On the resistances of membrane, diffusion boundary layer and double layer in ion exchange membrane transport , 2010 .

[41]  Keith Scott,et al.  Model based evaluation of the effect of pH and electrode geometry on microbial fuel cell performance. , 2010, Bioelectrochemistry.

[42]  W. Verstraete,et al.  Microbial fuel cells: novel biotechnology for energy generation. , 2005, Trends in biotechnology.

[43]  Hong Liu,et al.  Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[44]  Uwe Schröder,et al.  Fluorinated polyanilines as superior materials for electrocatalytic anodes in bacterial fuel cells , 2004 .

[45]  Zhen He,et al.  Exploring the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in microbial fuel cell studies , 2009 .

[46]  Yujie Feng,et al.  Treatment of biodiesel production wastes with simultaneous electricity generation using a single-chamber microbial fuel cell. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[47]  Xia Huang,et al.  Improved performance of single-chamber microbial fuel cells through control of membrane deformation. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[48]  Z. Ren,et al.  Recycled tire crumb rubber anodes for sustainable power production in microbial fuel cells , 2011 .

[49]  Bruce E Logan,et al.  Tubular membrane cathodes for scalable power generation in microbial fuel cells. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[50]  Mauro Majone,et al.  Bioelectrochemical reduction of CO(2) to CH(4) via direct and indirect extracellular electron transfer by a hydrogenophilic methanogenic culture. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[51]  B. Erable,et al.  From microbial fuel cell (MFC) to microbial electrochemical snorkel (MES): maximizing chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from wastewater , 2011, Biofouling.

[52]  Lixian Sun,et al.  A mediatorless microbial fuel cell using polypyrrole coated carbon nanotubes composite as anode material , 2008 .

[53]  Liping Huang,et al.  Effect of humic acids on electricity generation integrated with xylose degradation in microbial fuel cells , 2008, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[54]  Sangeun Oh,et al.  Proton exchange membrane and electrode surface areas as factors that affect power generation in microbial fuel cells , 2006, Applied microbiology and biotechnology.

[55]  Willy Verstraete,et al.  Minimizing losses in bio-electrochemical systems: the road to applications , 2008, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[56]  D. Pant,et al.  Long-term performance of activated carbon air cathodes with different diffusion layer porosities in microbial fuel cells. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[57]  B. Min,et al.  Electricity generation using membrane and salt bridge microbial fuel cells. , 2005, Water research.

[58]  L. T. Angenent,et al.  Light energy to bioelectricity: photosynthetic microbial fuel cells. , 2010, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[59]  O. Devos,et al.  On the intrinsic coupling between constant-phase element parameters α and Q in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy , 2012 .

[60]  Zhen He,et al.  An upflow microbial fuel cell with an interior cathode: assessment of the internal resistance by impedance spectroscopy. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[61]  Kazuya Watanabe,et al.  Hierarchical micro/nano structures of carbon composites as anodes for microbial fuel cells. , 2011, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[62]  T. Albrecht,et al.  Single-molecule electron transfer in electrochemical environments. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[63]  Tingyue Gu,et al.  A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy. , 2007, Biotechnology advances.

[64]  Hong Liu,et al.  Sustainable Power Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells Using Bicarbonate Buffer and Proton Transfer Mechanisms , 2007 .

[65]  Irini Angelidaki,et al.  Innovative microbial fuel cell for electricity production from anaerobic reactors , 2008 .

[66]  K. Nealson,et al.  The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the evaluation of the electrochemical properties of a microbial fuel cell. , 2008, Bioelectrochemistry.

[67]  Mark E. Orazem,et al.  An integrated approach to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy , 2008 .

[68]  Fei Liu,et al.  Copper recovery combined with electricity production in a microbial fuel cell. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[69]  Pavan K. Shukla,et al.  Extension of the measurement model approach for deconvolution of underlying distributions for impedance measurements , 2002 .

[70]  M. V. van Loosdrecht,et al.  A computational model for biofilm-based microbial fuel cells. , 2007, Water research.

[71]  B. Min,et al.  Electricity generation from swine wastewater using microbial fuel cells. , 2005, Water research.

[72]  Qingliang Zhao,et al.  A graphite-granule membrane-less tubular air-cathode microbial fuel cell for power generation under continuously operational conditions , 2007 .

[73]  Fang Zhang,et al.  Power generation using carbon mesh cathodes with different diffusion layers in microbial fuel cells , 2011 .

[74]  Digby D. Macdonald,et al.  Applications of Kramers—Kronig transforms in the analysis of electrochemical impedance data—III. Stability and linearity , 1990 .

[75]  R. Lillard,et al.  A Novel Method for Generating Quantitative Local Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy , 1992 .

[76]  Yi Cui,et al.  Three-dimensional carbon nanotube-textile anode for high-performance microbial fuel cells. , 2011, Nano letters.

[77]  Chaiwat Engtrakul,et al.  Carbon nanotube modified air-cathodes for electricity production in microbial fuel cells , 2011 .

[78]  Derek R. Lovley,et al.  Application of cyclic voltammetry to investigate enhanced catalytic current generation by biofilm-modified anodes of Geobacter sulfurreducens strain DL1 vs. variant strain KN400 , 2011 .

[79]  Zhen He,et al.  Effect of electrolyte pH on the rate of the anodic and cathodic reactions in an air-cathode microbial fuel cell. , 2008, Bioelectrochemistry.

[80]  Hyung-Sool Lee,et al.  Significance of biological hydrogen oxidation in a continuous single-chamber microbial electrolysis cell. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[81]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Electrolyte effects on hydrogen evolution and solution resistance in microbial electrolysis cells , 2009 .

[82]  Peng Liang,et al.  Scalable air cathode microbial fuel cells using glass fiber separators, plastic mesh supporters, and graphite fiber brush anodes. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[83]  U. Schwaneberg,et al.  Mediated electron transfer with P450cin , 2010 .

[84]  Vincent Vivier,et al.  Constant-Phase-Element Behavior Caused by Resistivity Distributions in Films I. Theory , 2010 .

[85]  Bruce E Logan,et al.  Cathode performance as a factor in electricity generation in microbial fuel cells. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[86]  Hubertus V. M. Hamelers,et al.  Renewable sustainable biocatalyzed electricity production in a photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cell (PAMFC) , 2008, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[87]  Costas Tsouris,et al.  Understanding long-term changes in microbial fuel cell performance using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[88]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Analysis of polarization methods for elimination of power overshoot in microbial fuel cells , 2011 .

[89]  Weihua He,et al.  Continuous electricity generation by a graphite granule baffled air-cathode microbial fuel cell. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[90]  Ashutosh Kumar Singh,et al.  An introduction to the life cycle assessment (LCA) of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) for sustainable energy and product generation: Relevance and key aspects , 2011 .

[91]  Baikun Li,et al.  The variation of power generation with organic substrates in single-chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs). , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[92]  D. Lovley,et al.  Possible Nonconductive Role of Geobacter sulfurreducens Pilus Nanowires in Biofilm Formation , 2006, Journal of bacteriology.

[93]  Hong Liu,et al.  Increased power generation in a continuous flow MFC with advective flow through the porous anode and reduced electrode spacing. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[94]  Qingliang Zhao,et al.  Increased sustainable electricity generation in up-flow air-cathode microbial fuel cells. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[95]  K. Scott,et al.  Effect of increasing anode surface area on the performance of a single chamber microbial fuel cell , 2010 .

[96]  Byung Hong Kim,et al.  Electroactive biofilms: Current status and future research needs , 2011 .

[97]  U. Schröder,et al.  A generation of microbial fuel cells with current outputs boosted by more than one order of magnitude. , 2003, Angewandte Chemie.

[98]  C. Avignone-Rossa,et al.  Activated carbon cloth as anode for sulfate removal in a microbial fuel cell. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[99]  G. Premier,et al.  Sustainable wastewater treatment: how might microbial fuel cells contribute. , 2010, Biotechnology advances.

[100]  Abraham Esteve-Núñez,et al.  C-type cytochromes wire electricity-producing bacteria to electrodes. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[101]  B. Logan,et al.  Optimal set anode potentials vary in bioelectrochemical systems. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[102]  Bruce E Logan,et al.  Microbial electrodialysis cell for simultaneous water desalination and hydrogen gas production. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[103]  Y. Zuo,et al.  Electricity generation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX-1. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[104]  Frank Ko,et al.  Electrostatic fabrication of ultrafine conducting fibers: polyaniline/polyethylene oxide blends , 2000 .

[105]  L. García-Rubio,et al.  The influence of error structure on interpretation of impedance spectra , 1996 .

[106]  Feng Zhao,et al.  Techniques for the study and development of microbial fuel cells: an electrochemical perspective. , 2009, Chemical Society reviews.

[107]  C. Dumas,et al.  Checking graphite and stainless anodes with an experimental model of marine microbial fuel cell. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[108]  J. Wang,et al.  Heterogeneous electrochemical characteristics of biofilm/metal interface and local electrochemical techniques used for this purpose , 2009 .

[109]  Byoung-Chan Kim,et al.  Tunable metallic-like conductivity in microbial nanowire networks. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[110]  Bruce E Logan,et al.  Ion exchange membrane cathodes for scalable microbial fuel cells. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[111]  J. Jorcin,et al.  CPE analysis by local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy , 2006 .

[112]  Vincent Vivier,et al.  Determination of effective capacitance and film thickness from constant-phase-element parameters , 2010 .

[113]  Yan Qiao,et al.  Electrocatalysis in microbial fuel cells—from electrode material to direct electrochemistry , 2010 .

[114]  Zhen He,et al.  Increased power production from a sediment microbial fuel cell with a rotating cathode. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[115]  T. Sreekrishnan,et al.  Effect of salt concentration and mediators in salt bridge microbial fuel cell for electricity generation from synthetic wastewater , 2012, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[116]  K. Xiao,et al.  A new method for water desalination using microbial desalination cells. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[117]  C. Buisman,et al.  Towards practical implementation of bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment. , 2008, Trends in biotechnology.

[118]  Hong Liu,et al.  Enhanced Coulombic efficiency and power density of air-cathode microbial fuel cells with an improved cell configuration , 2007 .

[119]  Shungui Zhou,et al.  Bioelectricity generation by a Gram-positive Corynebacterium sp. strain MFC03 under alkaline condition in microbial fuel cells. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[120]  M. Sluyters-Rehbach,et al.  The analysis of electrode impedances complicated by the presence of a constant phase element , 1984 .

[121]  Shweta Srikanth,et al.  Electrochemical characterization of Geobacter sulfurreducens cells immobilized on graphite paper electrodes , 2008, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[122]  Derek R Lovley,et al.  Powering microbes with electricity: direct electron transfer from electrodes to microbes. , 2011, Environmental microbiology reports.

[123]  Sang-Eun Oh,et al.  Power generation using different cation, anion, and ultrafiltration membranes in microbial fuel cells. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[124]  Pablo Cañizares,et al.  Production of electricity from the treatment of urban waste water using a microbial fuel cell , 2007 .

[125]  F. Huet,et al.  Local electrochemical impedance measurement : scanning vibrating electrode technique in ac mode , 1999 .

[126]  L. T. Angenent,et al.  Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural wastewater. , 2004, Trends in biotechnology.

[127]  C. Hsu,et al.  Technical Note: Concerning the Conversion of the Constant Phase Element Parameter Y0 into a Capacitance , 2001 .

[128]  Hang-Sik Shin,et al.  Variation of power generation at different buffer types and conductivities in single chamber microbial fuel cells. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[129]  Baikun Li,et al.  Granular activated carbon single-chamber microbial fuel cells (GAC-SCMFCs): A design suitable for large-scale wastewater treatment processes , 2009 .

[130]  A. Manohar,et al.  The internal resistance of a microbial fuel cell and its dependence on cell design and operating conditions , 2009 .

[131]  Zhiyong Ren,et al.  Characterization of microbial fuel cells at microbially and electrochemically meaningful time scales. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[132]  D. Pant,et al.  Anode and cathode materials characterization for a microbial fuel cell in half cell configuration. , 2011, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[133]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Polymer coatings as separator layers for microbial fuel cell cathodes , 2011 .

[134]  J. Newman,et al.  Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient from Impedance Data in the Low Frequency Range , 1988 .

[135]  Zhiyong Ren,et al.  Concurrent desalination and hydrogen generation using microbial electrolysis and desalination cells. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[136]  B. Min,et al.  The effect of different substrates and humic acid on power generation in microbial fuel cell operation. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[137]  Zhongjian Li,et al.  Studies on treatment of chlorophenol-containing wastewater by microbial fuel cell , 2007 .

[138]  Willy Verstraete,et al.  Microbial ecology meets electrochemistry: electricity-driven and driving communities , 2007, The ISME Journal.

[139]  Jian Sun,et al.  Performance improvement of air-cathode single-chamber microbial fuel cell using a mesoporous carbon , 2011 .

[140]  Stefano Freguia,et al.  Microbial fuel cells: methodology and technology. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[141]  S. R. Taylor.  Incentives for using local electrochemical impedance methods in the investigation of organic coatings , 2001 .

[142]  Qingliang Zhao,et al.  Accelerated start-up of two-chambered microbial fuel cells: Effect of anodic positive poised potential , 2009 .

[143]  B. Logan,et al.  Pre-acclimation of a wastewater inoculum to cellulose in an aqueous-cathode MEC improves power generation in air-cathode MFCs. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[144]  B. Logan,et al.  Mesh optimization for microbial fuel cell cathodes constructed around stainless steel mesh current collectors , 2011 .

[145]  A. Bergel,et al.  Forming electrochemically active biofilms from garden compost under chronoamperometry. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[146]  Yueming Ren,et al.  Improved performance of air-cathode microbial fuel cell through additional Tween 80 , 2011 .

[147]  Richard M. Dinsdale,et al.  Development of a tubular microbial fuel cell (MFC) employing a membrane electrode assembly cathode , 2009 .

[148]  D. Macdonald.  Review of mechanistic analysis by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy , 1990 .

[149]  Zhiyong Ren,et al.  Electricity production from cellulose in a microbial fuel cell using a defined binary culture. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[150]  A. Bergel,et al.  Acetate to enhance electrochemical activity of biofilms from garden compost , 2008 .

[151]  Yan Xiang,et al.  Enhancement of hydrogen production in a single chamber microbial electrolysis cell through anode arrangement optimization. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[152]  D. R. Bond,et al.  Shewanella secretes flavins that mediate extracellular electron transfer , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[153]  B. Tribollet,et al.  Simultaneous EIS and in situ microscope observation on a partially blocked electrode application to scale electrodeposition , 2006 .

[154]  Hong Liu,et al.  Quantification of the internal resistance distribution of microbial fuel cells. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[155]  Feng Zhang,et al.  A gold-sputtered carbon paper as an anode for improved electricity generation from a microbial fuel cell inoculated with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[156]  M. Orazem,et al.  The Global and Local Impedance Response of a Blocking Disk Electrode with Local Constant-Phase-Element Behavior , 2007 .

[157]  Vincent Vivier,et al.  Constant-Phase-Element Behavior Caused by Resistivity Distributions in Films II. Applications , 2010 .

[158]  Hubertus V M Hamelers,et al.  Microbial electrolysis cell with a microbial biocathode. , 2010, Bioelectrochemistry.

[159]  Zhiguo Yuan,et al.  Sequential anode-cathode configuration improves cathodic oxygen reduction and effluent quality of microbial fuel cells. , 2008, Water research.

[160]  I. Chang,et al.  Microbial fuel cells for energy self-sufficient domestic wastewater treatment—a review and discussion from energetic consideration , 2010, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[161]  Peng Liang,et al.  Composition and distribution of internal resistance in three types of microbial fuel cells , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[162]  F. Aulenta,et al.  Characterization of an electro-active biocathode capable of dechlorinating trichloroethene and cis-dichloroethene to ethene. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[163]  D. Cao,et al.  Electricity generation and modeling of microbial fuel cell from continuous beer brewery wastewater. , 2009, Bioresource Technology.

[164]  Yu Lei,et al.  Manganese dioxide as a new cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cells , 2010 .

[165]  Shelley Brown,et al.  High current generation coupled to caustic production using a lamellar bioelectrochemical system. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[166]  M. Orazem,et al.  Experimental Issues Associated with Measurement of Local Electrochemical Impedance , 2007 .

[167]  Minoru Umeda,et al.  Electrochemical impedance study of Li-ion insertion into mesocarbon microbead single particle electrode: Part II. Disordered carbon , 2001 .

[168]  Willy Verstraete,et al.  Microbial fuel cells for sulfide removal. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[169]  How Yong Ng,et al.  Determination of charge transfer resistance and capacitance of microbial fuel cell through a transient response analysis of cell voltage. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[170]  Jun Lin,et al.  Azo dye treatment with simultaneous electricity production in an anaerobic-aerobic sequential reactor and microbial fuel cell coupled system. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[171]  Juan Bisquert,et al.  Identifying charge and mass transfer resistances of an oxygen reducing biocathode , 2011 .

[172]  Sokhee P. Jung,et al.  Impedance characteristics and polarization behavior of a microbial fuel cell in response to short-term changes in medium pH. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[173]  Belkacem Ould-Bouamama,et al.  Model based PEM fuel cell state-of-health monitoring via ac impedance measurements , 2006 .

[174]  Ming Yang,et al.  Effect of biometric flow channel on the power generation at different Reynolds numbers in the single , 2011 .

[175]  Gerasimos Lyberatos,et al.  Electricity generation from synthetic substrates and cheese whey using a two chamber microbial fuel cell. , 2010 .

[176]  D. Lovley.  The microbe electric: conversion of organic matter to electricity. , 2008, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[177]  J. Picken,et al.  Miscible displacement through .gamma.-radiation-sterilized soil columns , 1967 .

[178]  Kelly P. Nevin,et al.  Electrosynthesis of Organic Compounds from Carbon Dioxide Is Catalyzed by a Diversity of Acetogenic Microorganisms , 2011, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.