The Effects of Prosody on Articulation in English

List of Figures Acknowledgements Preface Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Background 1.2. Limitations of Previous Studies 1.3. Research Questions and Theoretical Background 1.3.1. Questions regarding articulation at domain-edges 1.3.2. Questions regarding strengthening and coarticulation 1.3.3. Questions Regarding Effects of Prosody on Kinematic Variations and Dynamical Accounts 1.3.3.1. Task dynamic model and dynamical parameters 1.3.3.2. Some previous studies 1.3.3.3. Stiffness and the p-gesture 1.3.4. Prosodic Organization 1.5. Outline of The Dissertation Chapter 2. Methods 2.1. Speech Material 2.2. Speakers 2.3. Procedures 2.4. Measurements 2.4.1. Measurements in Chapter 3: Maximum positions of the tongue, jaw, and lips. 2.4.2. Measurements in Chapter 4: Tongue position differences 2.4.3. Measurements in Chapter 5: Lip kinematics 2.4.4. Measurements in Chapter 6: Tongue kinematics 2.5. Prosodic Transcription 2.6. Statistics Chapter 3. Effects of Accent and Prosodic Boundary on Articulatory Maxima: Tongue, Jaw, and Lip 3.1. Hypotheses 3.2. Measurements and Statistics 3.3. Result 1: Articulatory Maxima in Preboundary Domain-final) Vowels (V1#) 3.3.1 Effect of Accent on V1 3.3.1.1. Accent effect on V1 maximum tongue position 3.3.1.2. Accent effect on V1 lip and jaw opening maxima 3.3.2. Effect of Boundary Type on V1 3.3.2.1. Boundary effect on V1 maximum tongue position 3.3.2.2. Boundary effect on V1 lip and jaw opening maxima 3.3.3. Effects of the neighboring vowel (V2) on V1 3.4. Result 2: Articulatory Maxima in Postboundary (domain-initial) Vowels (#CV2) 3.4.1. Effect of Accent on C2V2 3.4.1.1. Accent effect on CV2 maximum tongue position 3.4.1.2. Accent effect on V2 lip and jaw opening maxima 3.4.2. Effect of Boundary Type on C2V2 3.4.2.1. Boundary effect on C2V2 maximum tongue position 3.4.2.2. Boundary effect on V2 lip and jaw maxima 3.4.3. Effects of the neighboring vowel (V1) on V2 3.5. Summary & Discussion 3.5.1. Characteristics of Accent and Featural Enhancement 3.5.2. Asymmetry between domain-initial and domain-final articulations 3.5.3. Boundary-induced vs. Accent-induced Articulatory strengthening Chapter 4. Prosodically Conditioned V-to-V Coarticulatory Resistance 4.1. Hypotheses 4.2. Measurements and Statistics 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Carryover effect 4.3.1.1. Postboundary (domain-initial) /a/ in /i#a/ 4.3.1.2. Postboundary (domain-initial) /#i/ in /a#i/ 4.3.1.3. Summary of carryover coarticulatory effect 4.3.2. Anticipatory Effect 4.3.2.1. Preboundary (domain-intial) /a/ in /a#i/ 4.3.2.2. Preboundary (domain-final) /i/ in /i#a/ 4.3.2.3. Summary of anticipatory coarticulatory effect 4.3.3. The Reciprocal coarticulatory effect 4.3.3.1. Effect of accent 4.3.3.2. Effect of Boundary Type 4.3.3.3. Effect of Vowel Sequence (/a#i/ vs. /i#a/) 4.3.3.4. Interactions 4.3.3.5. Summary of reciprocal coarticulatory effect 4.3.4. Temporal distance and coarticulatory resistance 4.4. General Discussion 4.4.1. Coarticulatory resistance as a function of accent 4.4.2. Coarticulatory resistance across a prosodic boundary 4.4.3. Accent- vs. boundary-induced coarticulatory resistance 4.4.4. Coarticulatory resistance vs. coarticulatory aggression 4.4.5. Inherent articulatory properties and coarticulatory resistance 4.4.6. Revised Window Model Chapter 5. Effects of Prosody on Lip Movement Kinematics 5.1. Hypotheses 5.2. Measurements and Statistics 5.3. Results 5.3.1. Domain-final C1-to-V1 lip opening gesture 5.3.1.1. Displacement 5.3.1.2. Peak Velocity 5.3.1.3. Total Movement Duration: C1ONS-TO-V1TARG 5.3.1.4. C1ONS-To-V1PKVEL (time-to-peak-velocity) and V1PKVEL-To-V1TARG (deceleration duration) 5.3.2. Discussion about dynamics underlying kinematic differences for C1-to-V1 lip opening gesture 5.3.2.1. Dynamical aspect of accent effects on C1-to-V1 (C1V1# ) lip opening gesture 5.3.2.2. Dynamical aspect of boundary effects on C1-to-V1 lip opening gesture 5.3.3. Domain-initial C2-to-V2 lip opening gesture 5.3.3.1. Displacement (#C2V2) 5.3.3.2. Peak Velocity (#C2V2) 5.3.3.3. Total Movement Duration: C2ONS-TO-V2TARG (#C2V2) 5.3.3.4. C2ONS-To-V2PKVEL and V2PKVEL-To-V2TARG (#C2V2) 5.3.4. Summary and discussion about dynamics underlying kinematic differences for C2-to-V2 lip opening gesture 5.3.4.1. Dynamical aspect of accent effects on C2-to-V2 (#C2V2) lip opening gesture 5.3.4.2. Dynamical aspect of boundary effects on C2-to-V2 (#C2V2) lip opening gesture 5.3.5. V1-to-C2 Closing Gestures 5.3.5.1. Displacement (V1#C2) 5.3.5.2. Peak Velocity (V1#C2) 5.3.5.3. Total Movement Duration: V1ONS-TO-C2TARG 5.3.5.4. V1ONS-To-C2PKVEL and C2PKVEL-To-C2TARG 5.3.6. Summary and discussion about dynamics underlying kinematic differences for V1-to-C2 lip closing gesture 5.3.6.1. Dynamical aspect of V1 Accent effects on V1-to-C2 lip closing gesture 5.3.6.2. Dynamical aspect of V2 Accent effects on V1-to-C2 lip closing gesture 5.3.6.3. Dynamical aspect of boundary effects on V1-to-C2 lip closing gesture 5.4. General Discussion 5.4.1. What are the accent-driven kinematic characteristics underlying lip opening and closing gestures? 5.4.2. Can accent-driven kinematic variations be modeled by a particular dynamical parameter setting? 5.4.4. What are the boundary-driven kinematic characteristics underlying lip opening and closing gestures? 5.4.5. Can boundary-driven kinematic variations modeled by a particular dynamical parameter setting? 5.4.6. Articulatory signature of prosodic structure Chapter 6. Effects of Prosody on V1-to-V2 Tongue Movement Kinematics 6.1. Hypotheses 6.2. Measurements and Statistics 6.3. Results 6.3.1. Effects of Accent 6.3.1.1. Effect of Accent on vertical (y) tongue movement 6.3.1.2. Effect of Accent on horizontal (x) tongue movement 6.3.2. Discussion of dynamics underlying ACC/UNACC differences in kinematics 6.3.2.1. Dynamical aspects of accent for the /i/-to-/a/ vocalic gesture in the y dimension. 6.3.2.2. Dynamical aspects of accent for the /a/-to-/i/ vocalic gesture in the x dimension. 6.3.3. Effects of Boundary Type 6.3.3.1. Effects of Boundary Type on the vertical (y) tongue movement 6.3.3.2. Effects of Boundary Type on the horizontal (x) movement 6.3.4. Discussion of dynamics underlying boundary-induced differences in kinematics 6.3.4.1. Dynamics of boundary-induced kinematic differences in the y dimension 6.3.4.2. Dynamics of boundary-induced kinematic differences in the x dimension 6.4. General Discussion 6.4.1. Accent-induced kinematic variation and task dynamics 6.4.1.1. Accent-induced kinematic variation and strengthening 6.4.1.2. Dynamical accounts 6.4.2. Boundary-induced kinematic variation and task dynamics 6.4.2.1. Boundary-induced kinematic variation and strengthening 6.4.2.2. Dynamical accounts 6.4.2.3. The p-gesture and pre- and postboundary lengthening 6.4.3. Accent- vs. boundary-induced kinematic patterns and articulatory strengthening Chapter 7. Conclusion 7.1. Articulatory strengthening in accented syllables 7.2. Articulatory Strengthening at Domain-edges 7.3. Accent- vs. Boundary-induced Articulatory Strengthening 7.4. Consonantal vs. vocalic domain-initial strengthening 7.5. Articulatory strengthening and its linguistic significance 7.6. Other implications 7.6. Closing remarks Appendix I: The Speech Corpus, Appendix II: R2 Values for Lip Movement Temporal Relationships References, Index