Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanowalls on different substrates by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Abstract A radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system was used for the successful growth of thin vertical carbon nanowalls, also known as vertical graphene, on various substrates. Transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed the presence of vertical graphene walls, which are tapered, typically consisting of 10 layers at the base tapering off to 2 or 3 layers at the top. The sides of the walls are facetted at quantized angles of 30° and the facetted sides are usually seamless. Growth occurs at the top open edge which is not facetted. Hydrogen induced etching allows for nucleation of branch walls apparently involving a carbon onion-like structure at the root base. Characterization by a superconducting quantum interference device showed magnetic hysteresis loops and weak ferromagnetic responses from the samples at room temperature and below. Temperature dependence of the magnetization revealed a magnetic phase transition around T  = 50 K highlighting the coexistence of antiferromagnetic interactions as well as ferromagnetic order.

[1]  John Robertson,et al.  Resonant Raman spectroscopy of disordered, amorphous, and diamondlike carbon , 2001 .

[2]  Zexiang Shen,et al.  Carbon nanowalls and related materials , 2004 .

[3]  H. Sevinçli,et al.  Graphene: Piecing it Together , 2011, Advanced materials.

[4]  Jeffrey Bokor,et al.  Direct chemical vapor deposition of graphene on dielectric surfaces. , 2010, Nano letters.

[5]  U. Ramamurty,et al.  Extraordinary synergy in the mechanical properties of polymer matrix composites reinforced with 2 nanocarbons , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[6]  Y. Feng,et al.  Raman spectroscopic investigation of carbon nanowalls. , 2006, The Journal of chemical physics.

[7]  M. Meyyappan,et al.  Plasma nanoscience: from nano-solids in plasmas to nano-plasmas in solids , 2013, 1306.6711.

[8]  A. Chuang,et al.  Synthesis and electrical characterization of n-type carbon nanowalls , 2009 .

[9]  D. Manos,et al.  Synthesis of carbon nanosheets by inductively coupled radio-frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition , 2004 .

[10]  M. Ponnavaikko,et al.  Magnetic properties of carbon nanosheets , 2010 .

[11]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications , 2010, Advanced materials.

[12]  M. B. Assouar,et al.  Growth and characterisation of carbon nanostructures obtained by MPACVD system using CH4/CO2 gas mixture , 2006 .

[13]  A Gupta,et al.  Raman scattering from high-frequency phonons in supported n-graphene layer films. , 2006, Nano letters.

[14]  L. Vandersypen,et al.  Lattice expansion in seamless bilayer graphene constrictions at high bias. , 2012, Nano letters.

[15]  C. Dimitrakopoulos,et al.  Graphene : synthesis and applications , 2012 .

[16]  M. Meyyappan.  Plasma nanotechnology: past, present and future , 2011 .

[17]  J. Robertson,et al.  Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon , 2000 .

[18]  M. Hori,et al.  Fabrication of Carbon Nanowalls Using Novel Plasma Processing , 2005, Digest of Papers Microprocesses and Nanotechnology 2005.

[19]  W. Choi,et al.  Graphene : Synthesis and Applications , 2016 .

[20]  Masaru Hori,et al.  Initial growth process of carbon nanowalls synthesized by radical injection plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition , 2009 .

[21]  Yongping Zheng,et al.  Mechanical properties of grafold: a demonstration of strengthened graphene , 2011, Nanotechnology.

[22]  S. Shah,et al.  Effect of oxygen on the nucleation and growth of diamond thin films , 1992 .

[23]  B. Holloway,et al.  Evolution of structure and morphology during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanosheets , 2006 .

[24]  S. Vizireanu,et al.  Radiofrequency plasma beam deposition of various forms of carbon based thin films and their characterization , 2009 .

[25]  J. Palacios,et al.  Magnetism in graphene nanoislands. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[26]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Raman spectroscopy in graphene , 2009 .

[27]  Kenichi Kojima,et al.  Raman spectra of carbon nanowalls grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition , 2005 .

[28]  A. K. Sood,et al.  Graphene: The New Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterial , 2009 .

[29]  Ferromagnetism and Superconductivity in Carbon-based Systems , 2006, cond-mat/0609497.

[30]  S. Lin,et al.  Synthesis and properties of carbon nanospheres grown by CVD using Kaolin supported transition metal catalysts , 2004 .

[31]  A. Vul,et al.  Magnetic and high resolution TEM studies of nanographite derived from nanodiamond , 2006 .

[32]  C. Rao,et al.  Novel Magnetic Properties of Graphene: Presence of Both Ferromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Features and Other Aspects , 2009, 0904.2739.

[33]  Johansson,et al.  High-resolution core-level study of 6H-SiC(0001). , 1996, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[34]  Andrew Melton,et al.  ウェットエッチングによるAl 2 O 3 /Si基板上の自立InGaN LED素子の開発 , 2011 .

[35]  S. Vizireanu,et al.  Carbon Nanowalls Growth by Radiofrequency Plasma‐Beam‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition , 2008 .

[36]  Koen Schouteden,et al.  Synthesis of few-layer graphene via microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[37]  Yongsheng Chen,et al.  Room-temperature ferromagnetism of graphene. , 2009, Nano letters.

[38]  J. Thornton.  Carbon Nanowalls: Processing, Structure and Electrochemical Properties. , 2011 .

[39]  E. Yoo,et al.  Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. , 2008, Nano letters.