Progress in dynamic simulation of thermal power plants

Abstract While the conventional design of thermal power plants is mainly focused on high process efficiency, market requirements increasingly target operating flexibility due to the continuing shift towards renewables. Dynamic simulation is a cost-efficient tool for improving the flexibility of dispatchable power generation in transient operation such as load changes and start-up procedures. Specific applications include the optimisation of control structures, stress assessment for critical components and plant safety analysis in malfunction cases. This work is a comprehensive review of dynamic simulation, its development and application to various thermal power plants. The required mathematical models and various components for description the basic process, automation and electrical systems of thermal power plants are explained with the support of practical example models. The underlying flow models and their fundamental assumptions are discussed, complemented by an overview of commonly used simulation codes. Relevant studies are summarised and placed in context for different thermal power plant technologies: combined-cycle power, coal-fired power, nuclear power, concentrated solar power, geothermal power, municipal waste incineration and thermal desalination. Particular attention is given to those studies that include measurement validation in order to analyse the influence of model simplifications on simulation results. In conclusion, the study highlights current research efforts and future development potential of dynamic simulation in the field of thermal power generation.

[1]  Wei Luo,et al.  Dynamic simulation and transient analysis of a 3 MWth oxy-fuel combustion system , 2015 .

[2]  Anna G. Stefanopoulou,et al.  Control of Fuel Cell Power Systems: Principles, Modeling, Analysis and Feedback Design , 2004 .

[3]  D. Bestion,et al.  The physical closure laws in the CATHARE code , 1990 .

[4]  Xin Li,et al.  Dynamic Simulation of a 1MWe Concentrated Solar Power Tower Plant System with Dymola , 2014 .

[5]  A. Hainoun,et al.  Simulation of subcooled flow instability for high flux research reactors using the extended code ATHLET , 2001 .

[6]  Esa Ahtinen,et al.  Simulation of non-condensable gas flow in two-fluid model of APROS – Description of the model, validation and application , 2009 .

[7]  M. Falchetta,et al.  Dynamic Simulation of the Operation of a Molten Salt Parabolic Trough Plant, Comprising Draining Procedures , 2014 .

[8]  Bernd Epple,et al.  A comparative study of different dynamic process simulation codes for combined cycle power plants – Part B: Start-up procedure , 2015 .

[9]  Rodrigo Escobar,et al.  Performance model to assist solar thermal power plant siting in northern Chile based on backup fuel consumption , 2010 .

[10]  H. F. Al-Fulaij,et al.  Dynamic modeling of multi stage flash (MSF) desalination plant , 2011 .

[11]  Mahmood Yaghoubi,et al.  Transient simulation for developing a combined solar thermal power plant , 2012 .

[12]  Jiashuang Wan,et al.  Development of a simulation platform for dynamic simulation and control studies of AP1000 nuclear steam supply system , 2015 .

[13]  Gang Yu,et al.  Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Parabolic Trough Solar System , 2015 .

[14]  Yanhua Yang,et al.  Modification and application of the system analysis code ATHLET to trans-critical simulations , 2012 .

[15]  Rajinesh Singh,et al.  Effects of relative volume-ratios on dynamic performance of a direct-heated supercritical carbon-dioxide closed Brayton cycle in a solar-thermal power plant , 2013 .

[16]  Jeeyoung Shin,et al.  Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of a combined-cycle power plant , 2002 .

[17]  T. Stuetzle,et al.  Automatic control of a 30 MWe SEGS VI parabolic trough plant , 2004 .

[18]  Suneet Singh,et al.  Thermal hydraulic simulation of absorber tubes in linear Fresnel reflector solar thermal system using RELAP , 2016 .

[19]  M. R. Erbes,et al.  Simulation methods used to analyze the performance of the GE PG6541B gas turbine utilizing low heating value fuels , 1994 .

[20]  Enrico Zio,et al.  Processing dynamic scenarios from a reliability analysis of a nuclear power plant digital instrumentation and control system , 2009 .

[21]  Afshin J. Ghajar,et al.  A flow pattern independent drift flux model based void fraction correlation for a wide range of gas–liquid two phase flow , 2014 .

[22]  Matsumoto Hiroshi,et al.  Startup optimization of a combined cycle power plant based on cooperative fuzzy reasoning and a neural network , 1997 .

[23]  R. Franke,et al.  Optimal control for fast boiler start-up based on a nonlinear model and considering the thermal stress on thick-walled components , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA'01) (Cat. No.01CH37204).

[24]  Bernd Epple,et al.  A comparative study of different dynamic process simulation codes for combined cycle power plants – Part A: Part loads and off-design operation , 2015 .

[25]  Afshin J. Ghajar,et al.  Similarities and differences in the flow patterns and void fraction in vertical upward and downward two phase flow , 2012 .

[26]  Jochen Ströhle,et al.  Carbonate looping experiments in a 1 MWth pilot plant and model validation , 2014 .

[27]  Sung Tack Ro,et al.  Analysis of thermal stress evolution in the steam drum during start-up of a heat recovery steam generator , 2000 .

[28]  Kristofer Horkeby,et al.  Simulation of Heat Recovery Steam Generator in a Combined Cycle Power Plant , 2012 .

[29]  Viktor Scherer,et al.  Enhancing the dynamic performance of electricity production in steam power plants by the integration of transient waste heat sources into the feed-water pre-heating system , 2005 .

[30]  R. Leithner,et al.  Konzepte und Wirkungsgrade kohlegefeuerter Kombianlagen , 1995 .

[31]  Bert Metz,et al.  Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage , 2005 .

[32]  Amit Patra,et al.  Steady state and dynamic simulation of multi-stage flash desalination plants: A case study , 1998 .

[33]  K. S. Ahluwalia,et al.  Dynamic Modeling of a Combined-Cycle Plant , 1990 .

[34]  Jose March-Leuba,et al.  Coupled thermohydraulic-neutronic instabilities in boiling water nuclear reactors: A review of the state of the art , 1993 .

[35]  U. N. Gaitonde,et al.  Modeling of a Coal-Fired Natural Circulation Boiler , 2007 .

[36]  Georg Frey,et al.  Optimal Startup Control of a Steam Power Plant Using the JModelica Platform , 2015 .

[37]  Elias K. Stefanakos,et al.  Thermal energy storage technologies and systems for concentrating solar power plants , 2013 .

[38]  Hannah Chalmers,et al.  Dynamic modelling of oxyfuel power plant , 2011 .

[39]  Meihong Wang,et al.  Demonstrating full-scale post-combustion CO2 capture for coal-fired power plants through dynamic modelling and simulation , 2012 .

[40]  Xiao-ling Cao,et al.  Dynamic simulation of drum level sloshing of heat recovery steam generator , 2013 .

[41]  Yu. A. Radin,et al.  Mathematical simulation of startup regimes of the PGU-450 power unit of the kaliningrad TETs-2 cogeneration plant , 2005 .

[42]  B. Rameau,et al.  CATHARE 2 V2.5_2: A single version for various applications , 2011 .

[43]  Markus Haider,et al.  Performance Analysis of Offshore Solar Power Plants , 2014 .

[44]  B. Bequette,et al.  Process Control: Modeling, Design and Simulation , 2003 .

[45]  Thomas F. Edgar,et al.  Optimal scheduling of combined heat and power plants using mixed-integer nonlinear programming , 2014 .

[46]  Eric Jeffs,et al.  Generating Power at High Efficiency : Combined Cycle Technology for Sustainable Energy Production , 2008 .

[47]  Thomas K.S. Liang,et al.  ABWR power tests simulation by using a dual RELAP5 nuclear power plant simulation platform , 2012 .

[48]  B. El Hefni,et al.  Dynamic Multi-configuration Model of a 145 MWe Concentrated Solar Power Plant with the ThermoSysPro Library (Tower Receiver, Molten Salt Storage and Steam Generator) , 2015 .

[49]  John R. Grace,et al.  Dynamic modeling for simulation and control of a circulating fluidized‐bed combustor , 1997 .

[50]  William L. Luyben,et al.  Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Dynamic Model: H2S Absorption/Stripping, Water−Gas Shift Reactors, and CO2 Absorption/Stripping , 2010 .

[51]  Francesco Saverio D'Auria.  The role of the experimental database in the validation of thermalhydraulic system codes , 2001 .

[52]  D. J. Ryley,et al.  The Evaporation of Water Droplets in Superheated Steam , 1968 .

[53]  Essameddin Badreddin,et al.  Dynamic modelling of MSF plants for automatic control and simulation purposes: a survey , 2004 .

[54]  Egon Hassel,et al.  Mathematical Model of Soot Blowing Influences in Dynamic Power Plant Modelling , 2015 .

[55]  George Tsatsaronis,et al.  Dynamic Optimization of Startup and Load-Increasing Processes in Power Plants—Part I: Method , 2001 .

[56]  Yongqi Sun,et al.  Combining Advantages of Specialized Simulation Tools and Modelica Models using Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) , 2011 .

[57]  Johan Åkesson,et al.  Start-up Optimization of a Combined Cycle Power Plant , 2012 .

[58]  Bernd Epple,et al.  Modelling and dynamic simulation of a parabolic trough power plant , 2016 .

[59]  Changying Zhao,et al.  A review of solar collectors and thermal energy storage in solar thermal applications , 2013 .

[60]  Konstantin Mikityuk,et al.  Code assessment and modelling for Design Basis Accident Analysis of the European sodium fast reactor design. Part I: System description, modelling and benchmarking , 2014 .

[61]  Avtar Singh,et al.  The thermal-hydraulics of a simulated PWR facility during steam generator tube rupture transients☆ , 1986 .

[62]  Fredrik Haglind,et al.  Variable geometry gas turbines for improving the part-load performance of marine combined cycles – Gas turbine performance , 2010 .

[63]  N. Zuber,et al.  Average volumetric concentration in two-phase flow systems , 1965 .

[64]  S. Rodat,et al.  Dynamic Simulations of Fresnel Solar Power Plants , 2014 .

[65]  R. Kehlhofer,et al.  Combined-cycle gas and steam turbine power plants. 2. edition , 1991 .

[66]  Thibault Henrion,et al.  Dynamic simulation of a solar power plant steam generation system , 2013, Simul. Model. Pract. Theory.

[67]  I. Mujtaba,et al.  Meeting Variable Freshwater Demand by Flexible Design and Operation of the Multistage Flash Desalination Process , 2011 .

[68]  Renate Sitte,et al.  Modeling seawater desalination powered by waste incineration using a dynamic systems approach , 2008 .

[69]  Huisheng Zhang,et al.  Fault simulation of boiler heating surface ash deposition in a power plant system , 2011 .

[70]  Hala Al-Fulaij,et al.  Once t hrough m ultistage fl ash d esalination: gPROMS d ynamic and s teady s tate m odeling , 2010 .

[71]  M. Shah.  A general correlation for heat transfer during film condensation inside pipes , 1979 .

[72]  Olav Bolland,et al.  Load-following performance of IGCC with integrated CO2 capture using SEWGS pre-combustion technology , 2015 .

[73]  Christian Kirchsteiger.  On the use of probabilistic and deterministic methods in risk analysis , 1999 .

[74]  Falah Alobaid,et al.  A particle–grid method for Euler–Lagrange approach , 2015 .

[75]  Bernd Epple,et al.  Dynamic simulation of a triple-pressure combined-cycle plant: Hot start-up and shutdown , 2016 .

[76]  Xuan Zhang,et al.  AP1000 Nuclear Reactor and Primary Loop Modeling Based on Relap5-3D and 3Keymaster Simulation Platform , 2012 .

[77]  Behdad Moghtaderi,et al.  An in-depth assessment of hybrid solar–geothermal power generation , 2013 .

[78]  Catherine Charcosset,et al.  A review of membrane processes and renewable energies for desalination , 2009 .

[79]  M. A. Marwan,et al.  Dynamic response of multi-effect evaporators , 1997 .

[80]  Yong-Jin Joo,et al.  Dynamic modeling of Shell entrained flow gasifier in an integrated gasification combined cycle process , 2014 .

[81]  Meihong Wang,et al.  Dynamic modelling, validation and analysis of coal-fired subcritical power plant , 2014 .

[82]  P J Dechamps,et al.  Modelling the Transient Behaviour of Heat Recovery Steam Generators , 1995 .

[83]  Lothar Mörl,et al.  Characterization and CFD-modeling of the hydrodynamics of a prismatic spouted bed apparatus , 2009 .

[84]  Rüdiger Franke,et al.  Optimization of boiler start-up using a nonlinear boiler model and hard constraints , 2004 .

[85]  Falah Alobaid,et al.  Investigation on the dynamic behaviour of a parabolic trough power plant during strongly cloudy days , 2016 .

[86]  Hartmut Spliethoff,et al.  Power Generation from Solid Fuels , 2010 .

[87]  Martin Pottmann,et al.  Dynamic simulation of oxyfuel CO2 processing plants , 2011 .

[88]  Francesc Reventos,et al.  An analytical comparative exercise on the OECD-SETH PKL E2.2 experiment , 2008 .

[89]  Jochen Ströhle,et al.  Dynamic simulation of a supercritical once-through heat recovery steam generator during load changes and start-up procedures , 2009 .

[90]  Jihong Wang,et al.  Predictive control strategy for a supercritical power plant and study of influences of coal mills control on its dynamic responses , 2012, Proceedings of 2012 UKACC International Conference on Control.

[91]  Kihyung Kim,et al.  Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Dynamic Simulation: A Physics Based Simple Approach , 2013 .

[92]  Jan Dimon Bendtsen,et al.  Derivation and validation of a coal mill model for control , 2009 .

[93]  Elina Hakkarainen,et al.  Dynamic modelling of concentrated solar field for thermal energy storage integration , 2015 .

[94]  Wen Tan,et al.  Comparison of some well-known PID tuning formulas , 2006, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[95]  Bernd Epple,et al.  Fast start-up analyses for Benson heat recovery steam generator , 2012 .

[96]  Aie,et al.  World Energy Outlook 2011 , 2001 .

[97]  Kilian Link,et al.  Deficiencies of Modelica and its simulation environments for large fluid systems , 2009 .

[98]  Jens Pålsson,et al.  Dynamic modelling of a parabolic trough solar power plant , 2014 .

[99]  Richard Saurel,et al.  The discrete equation method (DEM) for fully compressible, two-phase flows in ducts of spatially varying cross-section , 2009 .

[100]  Nw Rees,et al.  Modelling of Vertical Spindle Mills in Coal Fired Power Plants , 1994 .

[101]  J. H. Stuhmiller,et al.  The influence of interfacial pressure forces on the character of two-phase flow model equations , 1977 .

[102]  Željko Bogdan,et al.  Improvement of the cogeneration plant economy by using heat accumulator , 2006 .

[103]  Katsuhisa Yoshimoto,et al.  Optimal Daily Operation of Electric Power Systems with an ACC-CAES Generating System , 2003 .

[104]  Masashi Nakamoto,et al.  Dynamic Simulation and Optimization of Start-up Processes in Combined Cycle Power Plants , 2005 .

[105]  Ali Ghaffari,et al.  Cold start-up condition model for heat recovery steam generators , 2014 .

[106]  V. Russo,et al.  CSP Plant Thermal-hydraulic Simulation , 2014 .

[107]  A. Williams,et al.  An integrated computational fluid dynamics-process model of natural circulation steam generation in a coal-fired power plant , 2011, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[108]  Hannu Mikkonen,et al.  Dynamic Model Development of Linear Fresnel Solar Field , 2015 .

[109]  Kody M. Powell,et al.  Modeling and control of a solar thermal power plant with thermal energy storage , 2012 .

[110]  Robert Pitz-Paal,et al.  TRNSYS Modeling of the SEGS VI Parabolic Trough Solar Electric Generating System , 2001 .

[111]  Andrej Prošek,et al.  Animation model of Krško nuclear power plant for RELAP5 calculations , 2011 .

[112]  Chuguang Zheng,et al.  Dynamic modeling and control for pulverized-coal-fired oxy-combustion boiler island , 2014 .

[113]  Manfred Rode,et al.  On-line Optimization of Drum Boiler Startup , 2003 .

[114]  Jochen Ströhle,et al.  Chemical looping combustion of hard coal in a 1MWth pilot plant using ilmenite as oxygen carrier , 2015 .

[115]  Haihua Zhao,et al.  RELAP-7 Theory Manual , 2015 .

[116]  Martin Schmitz,et al.  Development and validation of a dynamic simulation model for a large coal-fired power plant , 2015 .

[117]  M. A. Marwan,et al.  Dynamic behavior of MSF desalination plants , 1995 .

[118]  Jong Suk Kim,et al.  Modeling, control, and optimization of combined heat and power plants , 2014 .

[119]  Dituba Ngoma.  Untersuchungen zur Strömungsstabilität verschiedener Abhitzedampferzeugersysteme im Vergleich , 2001 .

[120]  Bernd Epple,et al.  Investigation into gas dynamics in an oxyfuel coal fired boiler during master fuel trip and blackout , 2016 .

[121]  Damien Faille,et al.  Model Based Start-up Optimization of a Combined Cycle Power Plant , 2009 .

[122]  A. Cipollina,et al.  Experimental Study and Dynamic Modelling of Multi Stage Flash Desalination Units , 2005 .

[123]  Brian Elmegaard,et al.  Methodologies for predicting the part-load performance of aero-derivative gas turbines , 2009 .

[124]  H. Sharon,et al.  A review of solar energy driven desalination technologies , 2015 .

[125]  Ralf Postler.  Modellbildung und Simulation instationärer Prozesse in einer Oxyfuel-Kraftwerksanlage , 2012 .

[126]  M. Fontana,et al.  Control System for a Combined Cycle , 1989 .

[127]  Soteris A. Kalogirou,et al.  Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources , 2005 .

[128]  Robert Pitz-Paal,et al.  Modeling and Simulation of a Solar Tower Power Plant with Open Volumetric Air Receiver , 2009 .

[129]  Cai Ruizhong.  Simulation system development of GE 9FA combined-cycle units , 2006 .

[130]  Gregory J. Kolb.  Evaluation of Annual Performance of 2-Tank and Thermocline Thermal Storage Systems for Trough Plants , 2011 .

[131]  M. S. Kalra,et al.  Review of research on flow instabilities in natural circulation boiling systems , 2007 .

[132]  Francesco Casella,et al.  A framework for nonlinear model-predictive control using object-oriented modeling with a case study in power plant start-up , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Aided Control System Design (CACSD).

[133]  Alejandro Clausse,et al.  Two-phase flow instabilities: A review , 2014 .

[134]  Lihua Xie,et al.  Auto-tuning of cascade control systems , 2002, Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (Cat. No.02EX527).

[135]  M. Thring.  World Energy Outlook , 1977 .

[136]  Weiwei Yang,et al.  Simulation of the parabolic trough solar energy generation system with Organic Rankine Cycle , 2012 .

[137]  Cao Xiao-hua,et al.  Dynamic simulation of hydrodynamic model of drum level wave action and sloshing , 2007 .

[138]  Heimo Walter,et al.  Density Wave Oscillation in a Vertical Type Natural Circulation Heat Recovery Steam Generator: A Numerical Study , 2008 .

[139]  Jochen Hilz,et al.  Comparison of three different CFD methods for dense fluidized beds and validation by a cold flow experiment , 2016 .

[140]  Hartmut Spliethoff,et al.  Coupled simulation of a tangentially hard coal fired 700 °C boiler , 2014 .

[141]  George M. Siouris,et al.  Applied Optimal Control: Optimization, Estimation, and Control , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[142]  Eduardo Zarza,et al.  Parabolic-trough solar thermal power plant simulation scheme, multi-objective genetic algorithm calibration and validation , 2012 .

[143]  Heimo Walter,et al.  How can the heat transfer correlations for finned-tubes influence the numerical simulation of the dynamic behavior of a heat recovery steam generator? , 2011 .

[144]  Christiaan J. J. Paredis,et al.  Dynamic performance analysis of two regional nuclear hybrid energy systems , 2016 .

[145]  Soeren Kliem,et al.  Calculation of the VVER-1000 coolant transient benchmark using the coupled code systems DYN3D/RELAP5 and DYN3D/ATHLET , 2007 .

[146]  Haihua Zhao,et al.  RELAP-7: Demonstrating Seven-Equation, Two-Phase , 2013 .

[147]  Kemal Hanjalić,et al.  Sustainable energy technologies : options and prospects , 2008 .

[148]  D. Groeneveld,et al.  A Comprehensive Examination of Heat Transfer Correlations Suitable for Reactor Safety Analysis , 1986 .

[149]  Bernardo Fortunato,et al.  A Modular Code for Real Time Dynamic Simulation of Gas Turbines in Simulink , 2006 .

[150]  R. Soler,et al.  Dynamic Simulation of a 1MWe CSP Tower Plant with Two-level Thermal Storage Implemented with Control System , 2015 .

[151]  Heimo Walter,et al.  Flow Stability of Heat Recovery Steam Generators , 2006 .

[152]  Alan J. Sangster.  Electromagnetic Foundations of Solar Radiation Collection: A Technology for Sustainability , 2014 .

[153]  Ivan Buzurovic.  MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PULVERISING PLANT AS A MASS ACCUMULATOR WITH ASSOCIATED DYNAMICS OF BOTH IMPELLER AND COAL DRYING PROCESS , 1999 .

[154]  Karl Johan Åström,et al.  PID Controllers: Theory, Design, and Tuning , 1995 .

[155]  Jari Lappalainen,et al.  Modelling and dynamic simulation of a supercritical, oxy combustion circulating fluidized bed power plant concept-Firing mode switching case , 2014 .

[156]  Flavio Manenti,et al.  Start-up operations of MED desalination plants , 2013 .

[157]  Håkan Runvik.  Modelling and start-up optimization of a coal-fired power plant , 2014 .

[158]  H. Walter,et al.  Simulation von Kraftwerken und Feuerungen , 2012 .

[159]  Keum Shik Hong,et al.  Modeling and simulation of an oxy-fuel combustion boiler system with flue gas recirculation , 2011, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[160]  V. Teschendorff,et al.  Simulation of the unstable oscillatory behavior of single-phase natural circulation with repetitive flow reversals in a rectangular loop using the computer code athlet , 1995 .

[161]  Hala Al-Fulaij,et al.  Simulation of stability and dynamics of multistage flash desalination , 2011 .

[162]  F. Calise,et al.  A novel renewable polygeneration system for a small Mediterranean volcanic island for the combined production of energy and water: Dynamic simulation and economic assessment , 2014 .

[163]  Harald Weber,et al.  Modelling a Lignite Power Plant in Modelica to Evaluate the Effects of Dynamic Operation and Offering Grid Services , 2014 .

[164]  Michael Wittmann,et al.  Influence of Different Operation Strategies on Transient Solar Thermal Power Plant Simulation Models with Molten Salt as Heat Transfer Fluid , 2014 .

[165]  Baligh El Hefni,et al.  Dynamic Modeling of Concentrated Solar Power Plants with the ThermoSysPro Library (Parabolic Trough Collectors, Fresnel Reflector and Solar-Hybrid) , 2014 .

[166]  Fredrik Haglind,et al.  Variable geometry gas turbines for improving the part-load performance of marine combined cycles – Combined cycle performance , 2011 .

[167]  Stefano Brandani,et al.  Detailed process simulation of pre-combustion IGCC plants using coal-slurry and dry coal gasifiers , 2013 .

[168]  Yankai Li,et al.  Coupling methods for parallel running RELAPSim codes in nuclear power plant simulation , 2016 .

[169]  Reinhard Leithner.  Plenary lecture 6: simulation of power plants and energy conversion systems , 2009 .

[170]  Thomas K.S. Liang,et al.  Development and application of a dual RELAP5-3D-based engineering simulator for ABWR , 2009 .

[171]  Zhen Fan,et al.  Advanced Methods of HRSG Design for Life Cycle Optimization Under Fast Startups , 2012 .

[172]  H. Svendsen,et al.  Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plant Integrated to Capture Plant , 2012 .

[173]  H. W. Kwan,et al.  A mathematical model of a 200 MW boiler , 1970 .

[174]  Falah Alobaid.  An offset-method for Euler–Lagrange approach , 2015 .

[175]  Todd Pugsley,et al.  Application of the particle in cell approach for the simulation of bubbling fluidized beds of Geldart A particles , 2012 .

[176]  Clifford K. Ho,et al.  Software and codes for analysis of concentrating solar power technologies. , 2008 .

[177]  F. Pretolani,et al.  Optimization of the Start-up Procedure of a Combined Cycle Power Plant , 2006, Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[178]  Boshu He,et al.  Experimental study on capturing CO2 greenhouse gas by ammonia scrubbing , 2004 .

[179]  George Tsatsaronis,et al.  Dynamic Optimization of Startup and Load-Increasing Processes in Power Plants—Part II: Application , 2001 .

[180]  S. Brandani,et al.  Process Configuration Studies of the Amine Capture Process for Coal-fired Power Plants , 2013 .

[181]  Gottfried Brandstetter,et al.  Investigations on Dynamic Behaviour of Heat Recovery Steam Generators Carried Out With a Commercial Software Program , 2007 .

[182]  Enso Ikonen,et al.  Oxidant control and air-oxy switching concepts for CFB furnace operation , 2014, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[183]  Masoud Rokni,et al.  Plant characteristics of an integrated solid oxide fuel cell cycle and a steam cycle , 2010 .

[184]  William R. Robinson,et al.  Transmutation and Nuclear Energy , 2018 .

[185]  Kai Sundmacher,et al.  Modelling and dynamics of an air separation rectification column as part of an IGCC power plant , 2006 .

[186]  Francesco Casella,et al.  Optimal Operation of Solar Tower Plants with Thermal Storage for System Design , 2014 .

[187]  Francesco Casella,et al.  Modelling and simulation of heat exchangers in Modelica with Finite Element Methods , 2003 .

[188]  Chuguang Zheng,et al.  Dynamic simulation for mode switching strategy in a conceptual 600 MWe oxy-combustion pulverized-coal-fired boiler , 2014 .

[189]  Haipeng Li,et al.  A simplified mathematical dynamic model of the HTR-10 high temperature gas-cooled reactor with control system design purposes , 2008 .

[190]  Jochen Ströhle,et al.  Development of a process model for coal chemical looping combustion and validation against 100kWth tests , 2015 .

[191]  Ranjan Vepa.  Dynamic Modeling, Simulation and Control of Energy Generation , 2013 .

[192]  Abraham Kribus,et al.  A solar-driven combined cycle power plant , 1998 .

[193]  Wei Yu,et al.  Dynamic modelling and validation of a commercial scale geothermal organic rankine cycle power plant , 2016 .

[194]  F. Casella,et al.  Modeling, Simulation, control, and optimization of a geothermal power plant , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[195]  Karl Johan Åström,et al.  Drum-boiler dynamics , 2000, Autom..

[196]  B. Nagaraj,et al.  A comparative study of PID controller tuning using GA, EP, PSO and ACO , 2010, 2010 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION CONTROL AND COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES.

[197]  R. Pitz-Paal,et al.  Simulation of thermal fluid dynamics in parabolic trough receiver tubes with direct steam generation using the computer code ATHLET , 2014 .

[198]  P. Emonot,et al.  CATHARE-3: A new system code for thermal-hydraulics in the context of the NEPTUNE project , 2011 .

[199]  Pierre-Antoine Bouillon,et al.  ECO2: Post-combustion or Oxyfuel–A comparison between coal power plants with integrated CO2 capture , 2009 .

[200]  S Lu,et al.  Dynamic modelling and simulation of power plant systems , 1999 .

[201]  Bernd Epple,et al.  Comparative investigation of drum-type and once-through heat recovery steam generator during start-up , 2015 .

[202]  Massimiliano Polidori,et al.  CATHARE 2 code validation on HE-FUS3 loop , 2012 .

[203]  Francesco Casella,et al.  Dynamic modeling of IGCC power plants , 2012 .

[204]  Prashant Sharma,et al.  Dynamic modeling of steam water system of prototype fast breeder reactor using RELAP code , 2014 .

[205]  Ganesh Kothapalli,et al.  Multi-objective optimisation of renewable hybrid energy systems with desalination , 2015 .

[206]  Bernd Epple,et al.  Numerical and experimental study of a heat recovery steam generator during start-up procedure , 2014 .

[207]  Michael M. Clark,et al.  Transient Simulation of High Temperature High Pressure Solar Tower Receiver , 2015 .

[208]  Abraham Kribus,et al.  A high-efficiency triple cycle for solar power generation , 2002 .

[209]  Joona Kurki,et al.  Statistical analysis of fuel failures in large break loss-of-coolant accident (LBLOCA) in EPR type nuclear power plant , 2015 .

[210]  M. Behnia,et al.  Modelling of Parabolic Trough Direct Steam Generation Solar Collectors , 1998, Renewable Energy.

[211]  G. Geffraye,et al.  Analysis of the turbine deblading in an HTGR with the CATHARE code , 2006 .

[212]  Yunhui Luo,et al.  Modeling and simulation of ball mill coal-pulverizing system , 2011, 2011 6th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications.

[213]  Gao Wei,et al.  Dynamic simulation of thermal energy storage system of Badaling 1 MW solar power tower plant , 2012 .

[214]  Anna Johnsson.  Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Combined Cycle Power Plants , 2013 .

[215]  G. H. Babcock,et al.  Steam / its generation and use , 1972 .

[216]  Jochen Ströhle,et al.  Modeling and investigation start-up procedures of a combined cycle power plant , 2008 .

[217]  William J. Nuttall,et al.  Can nuclear power be flexible , 2007 .

[218]  Frank P. Incropera,et al.  Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 1981 .

[219]  Francesco Casella,et al.  Fast Start-up of a Combined-Cycle Power Plant: a Simulation Study with Modelica , 2006 .

[220]  Klaus Umminger,et al.  Integral Test Facility PKL: Experimental PWR Accident Investigation , 2012 .

[221]  Markus Eck,et al.  Dynamics and control of parabolic trough collector loops with direct steam generation , 2007 .

[222]  Matthew Orosz,et al.  Dynamic Simulation and Optimization of an Experimental Micro-CSP Power Plant , 2015 .

[223]  Victor H. Ransom,et al.  Hyperbolic two-pressure models for two-phase flow , 1984 .

[224]  Flavio Manenti,et al.  Dynamic simulation of concentrating solar power plant and two-tanks direct thermal energy storage☆ , 2013 .

[225]  M. Milligan,et al.  Integrating Variable Renewable Energy: Challenges and Solutions , 2013 .

[226]  G. Wallis.  One Dimensional Two-Phase Flow , 1969 .

[227]  Jianlin Wei,et al.  Mathematic modeling and condition monitoring of power station tube-ball mill systems , 2009, 2009 American Control Conference.

[228]  Susana Pelayo Díaz.  MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL STEAM BOILER WITH ECOSIMPRO , 2001 .

[229]  S. Glasstone,et al.  Nuclear Reactor Engineering , 1955 .

[230]  H. Austregesilo,et al.  Post-test calculation and uncertainty analysis of the experiment QUENCH-07 with the system code ATHLET-CD , 2007 .

[231]  Abdallah S. Berrouk,et al.  Three-dimensional discrete particle model for gas–solid fluidized beds on unstructured mesh , 2009 .

[232]  Didier Dumur,et al.  Design of a combined cycle power plant model for optimization , 2012 .

[233]  Nilay Shah,et al.  Dynamic modelling and analysis of a coal-fired power plant integrated with a novel split-flow configuration post-combustion CO2 capture process , 2014 .

[234]  A. F. Armor,et al.  Dynamic Performance of Fossil Fueled Power Plants , 1982, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[235]  I. García,et al.  Performance model for parabolic trough solar thermal power plants with thermal storage: Comparison to operating plant data , 2011 .

[236]  R. Bayón,et al.  Simulation and assessment of operation strategies for solar thermal power plants with a thermocline storage tank , 2014 .

[237]  Gerhard Schmitz,et al.  Status of ClaRaCCS: Modelling and Simulation of Coal-Fired Power Plants with CO2 Capture , 2012 .

[238]  Klaus Görner,et al.  Flexibilization of Coal-fired Power Plants by Dynamic Simulation , 2015 .

[239]  Guian Zhou,et al.  Modeling and simulation of C-E deep bowl pulverizer , 1999 .

[240]  Shokoufe Tayyebi,et al.  The control of MSF desalination plants based on inverse model control by neural network , 2014 .

[241]  Angela Neville.  Colmac Energy Inc.'s Biomass-Fueled Power Plant, Mecca, California , 2010 .

[242]  Sebastian Meinke,et al.  Modeling of Coal-Fired Power Units with ThermoPower Focussing on Start-Up Process , 2011 .

[243]  M. Shahidehpour,et al.  Short-term scheduling of combined cycle units , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[244]  Awad S. Bodalal,et al.  Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of MSF Desalination Plants , 2010 .

[245]  Paul Feron,et al.  Dynamic Modeling and Validation of Post-combustion CO2 Capture Plants in Australian Coal-fired Power Stations☆ , 2013 .

[246]  Jun Chen,et al.  Modeling, control, and dynamic performance analysis of a reverse osmosis desalination plant integrated within hybrid energy systems , 2016 .

[247]  Darryl Taylor,et al.  Economic Operation of Fast-Starting HRSGs , 2010 .

[248]  Brian Elmegaard,et al.  DNA – A General Energy System Simulation Tool , 2005 .

[249]  J. B. Doshi,et al.  Investigations on single-phase natural circulation loop dynamics part 1: Model for simulating start-up from rest , 2014 .

[250]  Mehmet Kanoglu,et al.  Performance and parametric investigation of a binary geothermal power plant by exergy , 2008 .

[251]  Alireza Yazdizadeh,et al.  Dynamic modeling of multi-effect desalination with thermal vapor compressor plant , 2014 .

[252]  Nikolaos Samaras,et al.  Simulation of a coal-fired power plant using mathematical programming algorithms in order to optimize its efficiency , 2012 .

[253]  Michael C. Georgiadis,et al.  Dynamic modelling and simulation of plate heat exchangers under milk fouling , 2000 .