Self-Tuning Virtual Synchronous Machine: A Control Strategy for Energy Storage Systems to Support Dynamic Frequency Control

This paper investigates the use of a virtual synchronous machine (VSM) to support dynamic frequency control in a diesel-hybrid autonomous power system. The proposed VSM entails controlling the grid-interface converter of an energy storage system (ESS) to emulate the inertial response and the damping power of a synchronous generator. In addition, self-tuning algorithms are used to continuously search for optimal parameters during the operation of the VSM in order to minimize the amplitude and rate of change of the frequency variations and the power flow through the ESS. The performances of the proposed self-tuning (ST)-VSM and the constant parameters (CP)-VSM were evaluated by comparing their inertial responses and their damping powers for different scenarios of load variations. For the simulated cases, the ST-VSM achieved a similar performance to that of the CP-VSM, while reducing the power flow through the ESS in up to 58%. Moreover, in all the simulated scenarios, the ST-VSM was found to be more efficient than the CP-VSM in attenuating frequency variations, i.e., it used less energy per Hertz reduced.

[1]  Bin Wu,et al.  Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter Topologies for Industrial Medium-Voltage Drives , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[2]  Toshifumi Ise,et al.  Virtual synchronous generators: A survey and new perspectives , 2014 .

[3]  Luiz A. C. Lopes,et al.  Virtual synchronous generator control in autonomous wind-diesel power systems , 2009, 2009 IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference (EPEC).

[4]  H.-P. Beck,et al.  Virtual synchronous machine , 2007, 2007 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation.

[5]  K. Visscher,et al.  Grid tied converter with virtual kinetic storage , 2009, 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech.

[6]  B. Francois,et al.  Dynamic Frequency Control Support by Energy Storage to Reduce the Impact of Wind and Solar Generation on Isolated Power System's Inertia , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[7]  J.A. Ferreira,et al.  Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[8]  Qing-Chang Zhong,et al.  Static synchronous generators for distributed generation and renewable energy , 2009, 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[9]  U. Ammann,et al.  Model Predictive Control—A Simple and Powerful Method to Control Power Converters , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[10]  G. Joos,et al.  Wind Power Impact on System Frequency Deviation and an ESS based Power Filtering Algorithm Solution , 2006, 2006 IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[11]  Jin Lin,et al.  Review on frequency control of power systems with wind power penetration , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology.

[12]  J. H. Kehler.  Considerations for load as a virtual generator for grid security , 2003, 2003 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37491).

[13]  Qing-Chang Zhong,et al.  Synchronverters: Inverters That Mimic Synchronous Generators , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[14]  J. Morren,et al.  Contribution of DG units to primary frequency control , 2005 .

[15]  S.W.H. de Haan,et al.  Virtual synchronous machines (VSG’s) for frequency stabilisation in future grids with a significant share of decentralized generation , 2008 .

[16]  J. Driesen,et al.  Virtual synchronous generators , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century.

[17]  Tai Nengling,et al.  Review of contribution to frequency control through variable speed wind turbine , 2011 .