Neurons and networks in daily rhythms

Biological pacemakers dictate our daily schedules in physiology and behaviour. The molecules, cells and networks that underlie these circadian rhythms can now be monitored using long-term cellular imaging and electrophysiological tools, and initial studies have already suggested a theme — circadian clocks may be crucial for widespread changes in brain activity and plasticity. These daily changes can modify the amount or activity of available genes, transcripts, proteins, ions and other biologically active molecules, ultimately determining cellular properties such as excitability and connectivity. Recently discovered circadian molecules and cells provide preliminary insights into a network that adapts to predictable daily and seasonal changes while remaining robust in the face of other perturbations.

[1]  Fred W. Turek,et al.  Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Circadian Clock Mutant Mice , 2005, Science.

[2]  B. H. Miller,et al.  Coordinated Transcription of Key Pathways in the Mouse by the Circadian Clock , 2002, Cell.

[3]  C. Law,et al.  Sleep-Dependent Plasticity Requires Cortical Activity , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[4]  Yoshiyuki Sakaki,et al.  Temporal Precision in the Mammalian Circadian System: A Reliable Clock from Less Reliable Neurons , 2004, Journal of biological rhythms.

[5]  P. Taghert,et al.  Mechanisms of Clock Output in the Drosophila Circadian Pacemaker System , 2006, Journal of biological rhythms.

[6]  D. Dijk,et al.  PER3 Polymorphism Predicts Sleep Structure and Waking Performance , 2007, Current Biology.

[7]  C. Colwell Circadian modulation of calcium levels in cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus , 2000, The European journal of neuroscience.

[8]  G. Block,et al.  Bulla gouldiana period exhibits unique regulation at the mrnA and Protein Levels , 2002, Journal of biological rhythms.

[9]  R. Stickgold,et al.  Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and reconsolidation. , 2007, Sleep medicine.

[10]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  Drosophila Free-Running Rhythms Require Intercellular Communication , 2003, PLoS biology.

[11]  C. Kyriacou,et al.  Natural Selection Favors a Newly Derived timeless Allele in Drosophila melanogaster , 2007, Science.

[12]  G. Tononi,et al.  Local sleep and learning , 2004, Nature.

[13]  Y Sakaki,et al.  Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats. , 2000, Science.

[14]  G. Block,et al.  S4-4 Circadian rhythm generation, expression and entrainment in a molluscan model system , 1997, Neuroscience Research.

[15]  Paolo Sassone-Corsi,et al.  Light acts directly on organs and cells in culture to set the vertebrate circadian clock , 2000, Nature.

[16]  A. Loudon,et al.  Photoperiod Differentially Regulates Circadian Oscillators in Central and Peripheral Tissues of the Syrian Hamster , 2003, Current Biology.

[17]  Yongho Kwak,et al.  A Calcium Flux Is Required for Circadian Rhythm Generation in Mammalian Pacemaker Neurons , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[18]  C. Torrero,et al.  Retrieving of Pups by Neonatally Stressed Mothers , 2002, Nutritional neuroscience.

[19]  C. Colwell,et al.  Fast delayed rectifier potassium current is required for circadian neural activity , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[20]  Michael N Nitabach,et al.  Electrical Silencing of Drosophila Pacemaker Neurons Stops the Free-Running Circadian Clock , 2002, Cell.

[21]  J. Hobson,et al.  The Neurobiology of Sleep: Genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks , 2002, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[22]  Christopher R. Jones,et al.  Modeling of a Human Circadian Mutation Yields Insights into Clock Regulation by PER2 , 2007, Cell.

[23]  M Terman,et al.  Light Treatment for Sleep Disorders: Consensus Report , 1995, Journal of biological rhythms.

[24]  M. Menaker,et al.  The Methamphetamine-Sensitive Circadian Oscillator (MASCO) in Mice , 2006, Journal of biological rhythms.

[25]  T. Préat,et al.  Defining the role of Drosophila lateral neurons in the control of circadian rhythms in motor activity and eclosion by targeted genetic ablation and PERIOD protein overexpression , 2001, The European journal of neuroscience.

[26]  Ying Xu,et al.  Functional consequences of a CKIδ mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome , 2005, Nature.

[27]  Rudiyanto Gunawan,et al.  Phase Sensitivity Analysis of Circadian Rhythm Entrainment , 2007, Journal of biological rhythms.

[28]  S. Reppert,et al.  Coordination of circadian timing in mammals , 2002, Nature.

[29]  Till Roenneberg,et al.  Circadian clocks — the fall and rise of physiology , 2005, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[30]  A. Miyawaki,et al.  Circadian Dynamics of Cytosolic and Nuclear Ca2+ in Single Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons , 2003, Neuron.

[31]  C. Degueldre,et al.  Are Spatial Memories Strengthened in the Human Hippocampus during Slow Wave Sleep? , 2004, Neuron.

[32]  E. Herzog,et al.  Independent Circadian Oscillations of Period1 in Specific Brain Areas In Vivo and In Vitro , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[33]  M. Menaker,et al.  Circadian Rhythms in Cultured Mammalian Retina , 1996, Science.

[34]  U. Albrecht,et al.  Differential Sorting of the Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1 into a Defined Vesicular Pool Is Regulated by Light Signaling Involving the Clock Gene Period2* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[35]  Francis J. Doyle,et al.  Intercellular Coupling Confers Robustness against Mutations in the SCN Circadian Clock Network , 2007, Cell.

[36]  H. O. de la Iglesia,et al.  Encoding Le Quattro Stagioni within the Mammalian Brain: Photoperiodic Orchestration through the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus , 2001, Journal of biological rhythms.

[37]  C. Helfrich-Förster,et al.  Functional Analysis of Circadian Pacemaker Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[38]  M. Yanagisawa,et al.  The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus as a putative food-entrainable circadian pacemaker , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[39]  C. Helfrich-Förster,et al.  Ectopic Expression of the Neuropeptide Pigment-Dispersing Factor Alters Behavioral Rhythms in Drosophila melanogaster , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[40]  E. Herzog,et al.  A Circadian Clock in the Olfactory Bulb Controls Olfactory Responsivity , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[41]  Kole T. Roybal,et al.  Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[42]  Richard W Aldrich,et al.  BK calcium-activated potassium channels regulate circadian behavioral rhythms and pacemaker output , 2006, Nature Neuroscience.

[43]  A. Matsumoto,et al.  Drosophila cryb mutation reveals two circadian clocks that drive locomotor rhythm and have different responsiveness to light. , 2004, Journal of insect physiology.

[44]  J. Stelling,et al.  Robustness properties of circadian clock architectures. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[45]  Erik D Herzog,et al.  Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediates circadian rhythmicity and synchrony in mammalian clock neurons , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[46]  P. Tresco,et al.  A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms , 1996, Nature.

[47]  P. Franken,et al.  A role for cryptochromes in sleep regulation , 2002, BMC Neuroscience.

[48]  M. Vansteensel,et al.  Seasonal Encoding by the Circadian Pacemaker of the SCN , 2007, Current Biology.

[49]  S. Shibata,et al.  Adrenergic regulation of clock gene expression in mouse liver , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[50]  S. T. Inouye,et al.  Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic "island" containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. , 1979, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[51]  P. Sassone-Corsi,et al.  No circadian rhythms in testis: Period1 expression is clock independent and developmentally regulated in the mouse. , 2003, Molecular endocrinology.

[52]  P. Emery,et al.  A Subset of Dorsal Neurons Modulates Circadian Behavior and Light Responses in Drosophila , 2007, Neuron.

[53]  D. J. Mullaney,et al.  Circadian rhythm disorders in manic-depressives. , 1978, Biological psychiatry.

[54]  D. Dijk,et al.  Light Treatment for Sleep Disorders: Consensus Report , 1995, Journal of biological rhythms.

[55]  A. Guo,et al.  Drosophila Olfactory Response Rhythms Require Clock Genes but Not Pigment Dispersing Factor or Lateral Neurons , 2005, Journal of biological rhythms.

[56]  A. Handler,et al.  Transplantation of a circadian pacemaker in Drosophila , 1979, Nature.

[57]  Steven M Reppert,et al.  GABA Synchronizes Clock Cells within the Suprachiasmatic Circadian Clock , 2000, Neuron.

[58]  M. Nitabach,et al.  Membranes, ions, and clocks: testing the Njus-Sulzman-Hastings model of the circadian oscillator. , 2005, Methods in enzymology.

[59]  M. Menaker,et al.  Rhythmic Properties of the Hamster Suprachiasmatic NucleusIn Vivo , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[60]  François Rouyer,et al.  Morning and evening peaks of activity rely on different clock neurons of the Drosophila brain , 2004, Nature.

[61]  I. Mihalcescu,et al.  Cyanobacterial clock, a stable phase oscillator with negligible intercellular coupling , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[62]  B. Gvakharia,et al.  Noncircadian Regulation and Function of Clock Genes Period and Timeless in Oogenesis of Drosophila Melanogaster , 2003, Journal of biological rhythms.

[63]  Sara J. Aton,et al.  Come Together, Right…Now: Synchronization of Rhythms in a Mammalian Circadian Clock , 2005, Neuron.

[64]  R. Barlow,et al.  Limulus brain modulates the structure and function of the lateral eyes. , 1980, Science.

[65]  Steven M. Reppert,et al.  Connecting the Navigational Clock to Sun Compass Input in Monarch Butterfly Brain , 2005, Neuron.

[66]  M. Stryker,et al.  Sleep Enhances Plasticity in the Developing Visual Cortex , 2001, Neuron.

[67]  Christopher S. Colwell,et al.  Circadian Regulation of Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation , 2005, Journal of biological rhythms.

[68]  Daisuke Ono,et al.  Separate oscillating cell groups in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus couple photoperiodically to the onset and end of daily activity , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[69]  Mariska J Vansteensel,et al.  Sleep states alter activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons , 2003, Nature Neuroscience.

[70]  E. Marder,et al.  Variability, compensation and homeostasis in neuron and network function , 2006, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[71]  R. Barlow Circadian and efferent modulation of visual sensitivity. , 2001, Progress in brain research.

[72]  Ueli Schibler,et al.  System-Driven and Oscillator-Dependent Circadian Transcription in Mice with a Conditionally Active Liver Clock , 2007, PLoS biology.

[73]  M. Menaker,et al.  Multioscillatory Circadian Organization in a Vertebrate, Iguana iguana , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[74]  C. Colwell,et al.  Disrupted neuronal activity rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-deficient mice. , 2007, Journal of neurophysiology.

[75]  John O'Neill,et al.  Circadian timing in health and disease. , 2006, Progress in brain research.

[76]  Erwin Bünning,et al.  The physiological clock : circadian rhythms and biological chronometry , 1973 .

[77]  G. Block,et al.  Circadian rhythmicity in Bulla gouldiana: Role of the eyes in controlling locomotor behavior , 1982 .

[78]  D. Sidote,et al.  How a Circadian Clock Adapts to Seasonal Decreases in Temperature and Day Length , 1999, Neuron.

[79]  David J. Foster,et al.  Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state , 2006, Nature.

[80]  Erik D Herzog,et al.  GABA and Gi/o differentially control circadian rhythms and synchrony in clock neurons , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[81]  J. Benington,et al.  Cellular and molecular connections between sleep and synaptic plasticity , 2003, Progress in Neurobiology.

[82]  Anthony J. Harmar,et al.  Synchronization and Maintenance of Timekeeping in Suprachiasmatic Circadian Clock Cells by Neuropeptidergic Signaling , 2006, Current Biology.

[83]  Steve A. Kay,et al.  Bioluminescence Imaging of Individual Fibroblasts Reveals Persistent, Independently Phased Circadian Rhythms of Clock Gene Expression , 2004, Current Biology.

[84]  Douglas G. McMahon,et al.  Daily rhythmicity of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ currents in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons , 2006, Brain Research.

[85]  Derk-Jan Dijk,et al.  Timing and Consolidation of Human Sleep, Wakefulness, and Performance by a Symphony of Oscillators , 2005, Journal of biological rhythms.

[86]  Sara J. Aton,et al.  Olfactory bulb neurons express functional, entrainable circadian rhythms , 2004, The European journal of neuroscience.

[87]  G. Block,et al.  Role of neuronal membrane events in circadian rhythm generation. , 2005, Methods in enzymology.

[88]  Serge Daan,et al.  A functional analysis of circadian pacemakers in nocturnal rodents , 1976, Journal of comparative physiology.

[89]  M. Nitabach Circadian rhythms: Clock coordination , 2005, Nature.

[90]  G. Stormo,et al.  The Neuropeptide Pigment-Dispersing Factor Coordinates Pacemaker Interactions in the Drosophila Circadian System , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[91]  N. Mrosovsky,et al.  Nonphotically induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms in the golden hamster: Activity-response curves at different ambient temperatures , 1993, Physiology & Behavior.

[92]  M. A. Henson,et al.  A molecular model for intercellular synchronization in the mammalian circadian clock. , 2007, Biophysical journal.

[93]  S. Yamaguchi,et al.  Synchronization of Cellular Clocks in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus , 2003, Science.

[94]  M. Harrington,et al.  Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons Are Glucose Sensitive , 1997, Journal of biological rhythms.

[95]  R. Wever,et al.  Human circadian rhythms: a multioscillatory system. , 1976, Federation proceedings.

[96]  Markus Meister,et al.  Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms , 1995, Neuron.

[97]  J. Takahashi,et al.  Circadian Rhythm Generation and Entrainment in Astrocytes , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[98]  C. Colwell,et al.  Vasoactive intestinal peptide and the mammalian circadian system. , 2007, General and comparative endocrinology.

[99]  F. Jackson,et al.  Drosophila Ebony Activity Is Required in Glia for the Circadian Regulation of Locomotor Activity , 2007, Neuron.

[100]  S. Shibata,et al.  Restricted‐feeding‐induced anticipatory activity rhythm is associated with a phase‐shift of the expression of mPer1 and mPer2 mRNA in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus but not in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of mice , 2001, The European journal of neuroscience.

[101]  U. Schibler,et al.  A Serum Shock Induces Circadian Gene Expression in Mammalian Tissue Culture Cells , 1998, Cell.

[102]  F. Davis,et al.  Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. , 1990, Science.

[103]  E. Leibenluft,et al.  Treatment of a Rapidly Cycling Bipolar Patient by Using Extended Bed Rest and Darkness to Stabilize the Timing and Duration of Sleep , 1998, Biological Psychiatry.

[104]  F. Scheer,et al.  Organization of circadian functions: interaction with the body. , 2006, Progress in brain research.

[105]  S. Amir,et al.  Restricted access to food, but not sucrose, saccharine, or salt, synchronizes the expression of Period2 protein in the limbic forebrain , 2007, Neuroscience.

[106]  D. Welsh,et al.  Real-time reporting of circadian-regulated gene expression by luciferase imaging in plants and mammalian cells. , 2005, Methods in enzymology.

[107]  G. Block,et al.  Cellular analysis of theBulla ocular circadian pacemaker system , 1984, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[108]  C. Helfrich-Förster Techniques that revealed the network of the circadian clock of Drosophila. , 2005, Methods in enzymology.

[109]  S. Kay,et al.  Independent photoreceptive circadian clocks throughout Drosophila. , 1997, Science.

[110]  Ook Joon Yoo,et al.  PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[111]  E. Herzog,et al.  Keeping an eye on retinal clocks. , 1999, Chronobiology international.

[112]  José Agosto,et al.  Coupled oscillators control morning and evening locomotor behaviour of Drosophila , 2004, Nature.

[113]  C. Kyriacou,et al.  A Molecular Basis for Natural Selection at the timeless Locus in Drosophila melanogaster , 2007, Science.

[114]  M. Nitabach,et al.  Membrane electrical excitability is necessary for the free-running larval Drosophila circadian clock. , 2005, Journal of neurobiology.

[115]  P. Hardin Essential and expendable features of the circadian timekeeping mechanism , 2006, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[116]  C. Pennartz,et al.  Circadian modulation of membrane properties in slices of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus , 1998, Neuroreport.

[117]  M. Gillette,et al.  Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the brain's circadian clock. , 1999, Recent progress in hormone research.

[118]  Dan Stoleru,et al.  A resetting signal between Drosophila pacemakers synchronizes morning and evening activity , 2005, Nature.

[119]  E. Meyer-Bernstein,et al.  Effects of suprachiasmatic transplants on circadian rhythms of neuroendocrine function in golden hamsters. , 1999, Endocrinology.

[120]  Rae Silver,et al.  Orchestrating time: arrangements of the brain circadian clock , 2005, Trends in Neurosciences.

[121]  B L McNaughton,et al.  Circadian rhythm of synaptic excitability in rat and monkey central nervous system. , 1977, Science.

[122]  D. Whitmore,et al.  Imaging of single light-responsive clock cells reveals fluctuating free-running periods , 2005, Nature Cell Biology.

[123]  Yoshiyuki Sakaki,et al.  Circadian Rhythms in Isolated Brain Regions , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[124]  Kathryn S. Lilley,et al.  Circadian Orchestration of the Hepatic Proteome , 2006, Current Biology.

[125]  E. Herzog,et al.  Functional Genomics of Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Invited Review: A neural clockwork for encoding circadian time , 2002 .

[126]  M. Gillette,et al.  Melatonin directly resets the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock in vitro , 1991, Brain Research.

[127]  Felix Naef,et al.  Circadian Gene Expression in Individual Fibroblasts Cell-Autonomous and Self-Sustained Oscillators Pass Time to Daughter Cells , 2004, Cell.

[128]  Paul E. Hardin,et al.  Circadian rhythms in olfactory responses of Drosophila melanogaster , 1999, Nature.

[129]  Dan Stoleru,et al.  The Drosophila Circadian Network Is a Seasonal Timer , 2007, Cell.

[130]  E. Herzog,et al.  A neural clockwork for encoding circadian time. , 2002, Journal of applied physiology.

[131]  J. Aschoff,et al.  Human circadian-rhythms - multi-oscillatory system , 1976 .

[132]  S. Honma,et al.  Clock mutation lengthens the circadian period without damping rhythms in individual SCN neurons , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[133]  G. Block,et al.  Circadian rhythm in membrane conductance expressed in isolated neurons. , 1993, Science.

[134]  C. McClung,et al.  Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. , 2007, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[135]  P. Hardin,et al.  Circadian oscillators of Drosophila and mammals , 2006, Journal of Cell Science.

[136]  Christopher R. Jones,et al.  An hPer2 Phosphorylation Site Mutation in Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome , 2001, Science.

[137]  Lance J. Kriegsfeld,et al.  Targeted Microlesions Reveal Novel Organization of the Hamster Suprachiasmatic Nucleus , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[138]  S. Kuhlman,et al.  Encoding the Ins and Outs of Circadian Pacemaking , 2006, Journal of biological rhythms.

[139]  Ueli Schibler,et al.  Circadian rhythms: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. , 2007, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[140]  G. Tononi,et al.  Extensive and Divergent Effects of Sleep and Wakefulness on Brain Gene Expression , 2004, Neuron.

[141]  Ernst Pöppel,et al.  Daily Rhythm of Temporal Resolution in the Auditory System , 1999, Cortex.

[142]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels , 1990, Nature.

[143]  A. Rougvie,et al.  Similarity of the C. elegans developmental timing protein LIN-42 to circadian rhythm proteins. , 1999, Science.

[144]  Masamitsu Iino,et al.  System-level identification of transcriptional circuits underlying mammalian circadian clocks , 2005, Nature Genetics.

[145]  B. Bean,et al.  Mechanism of Spontaneous Firing in Dorsomedial Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[146]  D. Margoliash Song learning and sleep , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[147]  Jason P. DeBruyne,et al.  CLOCK and NPAS2 have overlapping roles in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock , 2007, Nature Neuroscience.

[148]  Erik D. Herzog,et al.  Clock controls circadian period in isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons , 1998, Nature Neuroscience.

[149]  J. Dunlap Molecular Bases for Circadian Clocks , 1999, Cell.

[150]  M. Menaker,et al.  Chronic jet-lag increases mortality in aged mice , 2006, Current Biology.

[151]  E. Herzog,et al.  Circadian entrainment to temperature, but not light, in the isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus. , 2003, Journal of neurophysiology.