Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression by transcriptional attenuation.

The regulation of transcriptional elongation and termination is well documented as a means of controlling the expression of prokaryotic genes, and molecular and genetic analysis has yielded a clear understanding of the diverse mechanisms involved (reviewed in Yanofsky, 1988; Spencer and Groudine, 1990; Kerppola and Kane, 1991). It is now evident that the expression of several eukaryotic viral and cellular genes is also regulated at the stage of transcriptional elongation rather than at the more classically recognized initiation phase; examples include the proto-oncogenes c-myc and c-fos, a number of constitutively expressed and heat shockinducible genes in Drosophila, and the integrated genome of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recent studies have revealed common underlying mechanisms whereby transcriptional elongation may be used to modulate eukaryotic gene expression according to diverse physiological signals.

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