Lessons from Empirical Models of Exchange Rates

Si bien los modelos existentes sobre el comportamiento sistematico de los tipos de cambio brindan resultados escasos o iguales a los que se obtienen con modelos de trayecto aleatorio al realizar las pruebas por muestreo de la validez de las predicciones tomando como base los valores efectivos de las variables explicativas, en este trabajo se encuentran razones que justifican cierto optimismo sobre la posibilidad de que los modelos empiricos de tipos de cambio brinden en el futuro explicaciones bastante mejores que las aleatorias. La primera parte del articulo trata de las relaciones entre los tipos de cambio, niveles de precios internos, tipos de interes y balanzas de pagos internacionales y formula algunas consideraciones sobre determinados elementos validos de estas relaciones que explican el fracaso de los modelos utilizados el decenio pasado. Luego de examinar lo que se conoce actualmente sobre las relaciones entre los tipos de cambio y otras variables que han sido importantes elementos de los modelos y los debates generales sobre la determinacion de los tipos de cambio, el articulo considera algunas ensenanzas generales y temas pendientes para disenar mejores modelos. Las ensenanzas destacan la importancia de analizar los tipos de cambio en un marco macroeconomico integral y de suponer que las expectativas se forman en consonancia con los modelos estructurales o teniendo en cuenta la informacion que se puede obtener facilmente a traves de las series cronologicas de las variables pertinentes. Los temas pendientes comprenden la cuestion de si es adecuado o conveniente considerar los activos como sustitutos perfectos o, lo que es equivalente, utilizar la hipotesis de la relacion de paridad de los tipos de interes no cubierta. El segundo tema pendiente de solucion, en la medida en que se elaboren modelos de tipos de cambio en un marco de equilibrio general que no considere los activos como sustitutos perfectos, es el de como diferenciar los activos y especificar una base con solidos fundamentos microeconomicos para las preferencias con respecto a la composicion de la cartera.

[1]  P. A. V. B. Swamy,et al.  The out-of-sample forecasting performance of exchange rate models when coefficients are allowed to change , 1989 .

[2]  J. Frenkel,et al.  Exchange Rate Volatility and Misalignment: Evaluating Some Proposals for Reform , 1989 .

[3]  R. S. Boyer,et al.  Forward Premia and Risk Premia in a Simple Model of Exchange Rate Determination , 1988 .

[4]  Eduardo Borensztein Alternative Hypotheses about the Excess Return on Dollar Assets, 1980-84 , 1987 .

[5]  Deborah J. Danker,et al.  Small empirical models of exchange market intervention : applications to Germany, Japan, and Canada , 1987 .

[6]  Paul R. Masson,et al.  MINIMOD: Specification and Simulation Results (MINIMOD: spécification et résultats des simulations) (MINIMOD: Especificación y resultados de simulación) , 1986 .

[7]  Paul R. Masson,et al.  International Transmission of Fiscal Policies in Major Industrial Countries (Transmission sur le plan international des effets des politiques budgétaires des grands pays industrialisés) (Transmisión internacional de la política fiscal de los grandes países industriales) , 1986 .

[8]  P. Agénor,et al.  A new classical econometric model of the world economy , 1986 .

[9]  W. Branson,et al.  Expected Fiscal Policy and the Recession of 1982 , 1985 .

[10]  Dennis L. Hoffman,et al.  The Impact of News and Alternative Theories of Exchange Rate Determination , 1985 .

[11]  J. Sachs The Dollar and the Policy Mix: 1985 , 1985 .

[12]  M. Obstfeld,et al.  International Interest-Rate and Price-Level Linkages Under Flexible Exchange Rates: A Review of Recent Evidence , 1985 .

[13]  W. Woo The monetary approach to exchange rate determination under rational expectations: The dollar-deutschmark rate , 1985 .

[14]  E. Fama,et al.  Forward and spot exchange rates , 1984 .

[15]  D. Backus Empirical Models of the Exchange Rate: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff , 1984 .

[16]  Kenneth S. Rogoff,et al.  On the effects of sterilized intervention: An analysis of weekly data , 1984 .

[17]  J. Boughton Exchange Rate Movements and Adjustment in Financial Markets: Quarterly Estimates for Major Currencies , 1984 .

[18]  René M. Stulz Currency Preferences, Purchasing Power Risks, and the Determination of Exchange Rates in an Optimizing Model , 1984 .

[19]  Michael L. Mussa,et al.  Asset Markets, Exchange Rates and the Balance of Payments , 1984 .

[20]  W. Branson,et al.  The Specification and Influence of Asset Markets , 1984 .

[21]  M. Dooley,et al.  The Portfolio-Balance Model of Exchange Rates and Some Structural Estimates of the Risk Premium , 1983 .

[22]  M. Obstfeld,et al.  Exchange-Rate Dynamics , 1983 .

[23]  Bernard Dumas,et al.  International Portfolio Choice and Corporation Finance: A Synthesis , 1983 .

[24]  Richard M. Levich Empirical Studies of Exchange Rates: Price Behavior, Rate Determinationand Market Efficiency , 1983 .

[25]  A. Jacob,et al.  ‘Exchange rates, inflation, and the sterilization problem: Germany, 1975–1981’ by M. Obstfeld , 1983 .

[26]  Kenneth S. Rogoff,et al.  Exchange rate models of the seventies. Do they fit out of sample , 1983 .

[27]  M. Dooley An Analysis of Exchange Market Intervention of Industrial and Developing Countries , 1982 .

[28]  Jacob A. Frenkel,et al.  Flexible Exchange Rates, Prices, and the Role of "News": Lessons from the 1970s , 1981, Journal of Political Economy.

[29]  M. Dooley,et al.  Capital Controls, Political Risk, and Deviations from Interest-Rate Parity , 1980, Journal of Political Economy.

[30]  W. S. Krasker The ‘peso problem’ in testing the efficiency of forward exchange markets , 1980 .

[31]  Paul R. Masson,et al.  Exchange rates in the short run: Some further results , 1979 .

[32]  Paul R. Masson,et al.  Exchange Rates and Portfolio Balance , 1979 .

[33]  W. Buiter Time Preference and International Lending and Borrowing in an Overlapping-Generations Model , 1979, Journal of Political Economy.

[34]  R. Lipsey,et al.  Price Behavior in the Light of Balance of Payments Theories , 1977 .

[35]  R. Dornbusch Expectations and Exchange Rate Dynamics , 1976, Journal of Political Economy.

[36]  J. Artus Exchange Rate Stability and Managed Floating: The Experience of the Federal Republic of Germany , 1976 .

[37]  Pentti J. K. Kouri The Exchange Rate And The Balance of Payments In The Short Run and in The Long Run: A Monetary Approach , 1976 .

[38]  J. Frenkel A Monetary Approach To The Exchange Rate: Doctrinal Aspects And Empirical Evidence , 1976 .

[39]  Peter Isard How Far Can We Push the "Law of One Price"? , 1976 .

[40]  G. Cassel,et al.  Abnormal Deviations in International Exchanges , 1918 .

[41]  R. Johnson Anticipated fiscal contraction: the economic consequences of the announcement of Gramm-Rudman-Hollings , 1986 .

[42]  Kathryn M. E. Dominguez,et al.  Are foreign exchange forecasts rational?: New evidence from survey data , 1986 .

[43]  P. Boothe International asset substitutability : theory and evidence for Canada , 1985 .

[44]  J. Sachs,et al.  Macroeconomic Policies in the OECD and Ldc External Adjustmemt , 1985 .

[45]  Neil C. Bruce,et al.  The Specification and Influence of Goods and Factor Markets in Open Economy Macroeconomic Models , 1985 .

[46]  Michael L. Mussa The Theory of Exchange Rate Determination , 1984 .

[47]  R. Tryon Small empirical models of exchange market intervention: a review of the literature , 1983 .

[48]  Jeffrey R. Shafer,et al.  Floating Exchange Rates after Ten years , 1983 .

[49]  Peter Hooper,et al.  Fluctuations in the dollar: a model of nominal and real exchange rate determination , 1982 .

[50]  Kenneth S. Rogoff,et al.  Essays on expectations and exchange rate volatility , 1980 .

[51]  S. Fischer,et al.  Exchange Rates and the Current Account , 1980 .

[52]  Jeffrey A. Frankel,et al.  On the Mark: A Theory of Floating Exchange Rates Based on Real Interest Differentials , 1979 .

[53]  R. Marston Interest arbitrage in the Euro-currency markets , 1976 .

[54]  J. Keynes A Tract on Monetary Reform , 1923 .