Climate change and infectious disease: stormy weather ahead?

onstrate a strong association between heavy rainfall and outbreaks of Ross River virus disease. Ross River virus is mosquito borne, and, although the disease is little known outside of Australia, is found in nearly all parts of the continent. Infection can produce disabling polyarthritis, and there is no specific treatment. In southeast Australia, Ross River virus disease poses a threat not just to local populations, but also to tourism—Australia’s largest industry. The work of Woodruff et al. 3 adds to a growing body of studies 4 that explore the impact of weather on infec

[1]  E. Lindgren,et al.  Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change , 2001, The Lancet.

[2]  M. G. Garner,et al.  Predicting Ross River Virus Epidemics from Regional Weather Data , 2002, Epidemiology.

[3]  A. Mcmichael Global climate change and health , 1995, The Lancet.

[4]  E. Trenberth The Extreme Weather Events of 1997 and 1998 , 1999 .

[5]  Andy Haines,et al.  El Niño and health , 2003, The Lancet.

[6]  S. Elias Quaternary insects and their environments , 1995 .

[7]  O. Hoegh‐Guldberg,et al.  Ecological responses to recent climate change , 2002, Nature.

[8]  J. Patz,et al.  Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases. , 1996, JAMA.

[9]  Michael Ghil,et al.  Extreme weather events , 1992, Nature.

[10]  V. M. Kotlyakov,et al.  420 000 years of climate and atmospheric history revealed by the Vostok deep Antarctic ice core , 1999 .

[11]  F. Bazzaz,et al.  Production of allergenic pollen by ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is increased in CO2-enriched atmospheres. , 2002, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[12]  Thomas C. Peterson,et al.  Maximum and Minimum Temperature Trends for the Globe , 1997 .

[13]  J. Jones,et al.  Climate change and human health. , 1997, South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde.

[14]  A Haines,et al.  Environment and health: 2. Global climate change and health. , 2000, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[15]  R. Levins,et al.  The precautionary principle in environmental science. , 2001, Environmental health perspectives.

[16]  G. Mcnicoll The World Health report 1996--fighting disease, fostering development. , 1997, World health forum.

[17]  J. Jouzel,et al.  Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica , 1999, Nature.

[18]  T. H. Jetten,et al.  SENSITIVITY OF MALARIA, SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND DENGUE TO GLOBAL WARMING , 1997 .

[19]  W. Broecker,et al.  Thermohaline circulation, the achilles heel of our climate system: will man-made CO2 upset the current balance? , 1997, Science.

[20]  J. Cox,et al.  Predicting high‐risk years for malaria in Colombia using parameters of El Niño Southern Oscillation , 1997, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[21]  Monica F. Myers,et al.  Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. , 1999, Science.

[22]  G. Thurston,et al.  Climate change. Hidden health benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation. , 2001, Science.

[23]  Joel Susskind,et al.  Biological and Physical Signs of Climate Change: Focus on Mosquito-borne Diseases , 1998 .

[24]  G. Weller,et al.  The Dispersion of Siberian River Flows into Coastal Waters: Meteorological, Hydrological and Hydrochemical Aspects , 2000 .

[25]  Peter Wadhams,et al.  The freshwater budget of the Arctic Ocean , 2000 .

[26]  J. Palutikof,et al.  Climate change 2007 : impacts, adaptation and vulnerability , 2001 .

[27]  W. Bradshaw,et al.  Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  Antonella Zanobetti,et al.  The Time Course of Weather-Related Deaths , 2001, Epidemiology.

[29]  Donald J. Cavalieri,et al.  Spatial distribution of trends and seasonally in the hemispheric sea ice covers: 1978–1996 , 1999 .

[30]  W. Krabill,et al.  Rapid thinning of parts of the southern greenland ice sheet , 1999, Science.

[31]  S. Levitus,et al.  Warming of the World Ocean , 2000 .

[32]  D. Rothrock,et al.  Thinning of the Arctic sea‐ice cover , 1999 .

[33]  W Ogana,et al.  Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2001 .

[34]  Claire L. Parkinson,et al.  Spatial Distribution of Trends and Seasonality in the Hemispheric Sea Ice Covers , 1998 .

[35]  Thomas R. Karl,et al.  Trends in high-frequency climate variability in the twentieth century , 1995, Nature.

[36]  J. Overpeck,et al.  Abrupt climate change: Inevitable surprises , 2002 .

[37]  O. Faergeman,et al.  Climate and Health , 1934, Nature.

[38]  J. Houghton,et al.  Climate change 2001 : the scientific basis , 2001 .

[39]  G. Thurston,et al.  Hidden Health Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation , 2001, Science.