Ecological Footprint Analysis Applied to Mobile Phones

Ecological footprints (EF) have been used for more than 15 yr as an aggregate measure of sustainability of geographical regions, but also for certain products and activities. EF analysis measures the bioproductive areas required to produce resources such as crops and timber, the directly occupied areas for infrastructure, and areas for absorbing waste flows (mostly limited to carbon dioxide) in a given year for a defined population. The need to extend ecological footprint analysis to electronic products arose because so far, mobile phones have mainly been evaluated using life-cycle assessments with a focus on toxicity, end-of-life management, and energy use, thus ignoring the wider sustainability implications. This article presents the footprint results from three mobile phone case studies. To establish the land areas consumed by the mined materials used in electronic products, a database was developed based on literature data and on approximations from the density and overburden of materials. The relationship between abundance and overburden values was used in a regression analysis to estimate energy requirements in materials extraction where other data were not available. Using a life-cycle assessment approach, environmental burdens for producing and using a mobile phone were calculated and transformed into the instantaneous rate of resource consumption. Key results were that different electronic products have different ecological footprints and that the methodology proved sensitive enough to reveal differences in small electronic products and for monitoring technologies that use bioproductive space efficiently.

[1]  J. Randers,et al.  Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  Edward Smeets,et al.  Ecological footprints of Benin, Bhutan, Costa Rica and the Netherlands , 2000 .

[3]  G. Brundtland,et al.  Our common future , 1987 .

[4]  Niels Jungbluth Announcement of an lca case study life cycle assessment for lithium and lithium compounds , 2001 .

[5]  M. Wackernagel,et al.  Our ecological footprint , 1996 .

[6]  S.D. Frey,et al.  Integrated product policy and ecological footprint of electronic products , 2000, Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment (Cat. No.00CH37082).

[7]  Sibylle D Frey,et al.  Development of new ecological footprint techniques applicable to consumer electronics , 2002 .

[8]  ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS USING LCA AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT , 2000 .

[9]  Manfred Lenzen,et al.  A Generalized Input-Output Multiplier Calculus for Australia , 2001 .

[10]  Michael Narodoslawsky,et al.  The Sustainable Process Index a new dimension in ecological evaluation , 1996 .

[11]  Tim Jackson,et al.  Mobile phone takeback and recycling: analysis of the ECTEL project , 1998, Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. ISEE - 1998 (Cat. No.98CH36145).

[12]  Mathis Wackernagel,et al.  Sharing Nature's Interest: Ecological Footprints as an Indicator of Sustainability , 2000 .

[13]  Mathis Wackernagel,et al.  EVALUATING THE USE OF NATURAL CAPITAL WITH THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT : APPLICATIONS IN SWEDEN AND SUBREGIONS , 1999 .

[14]  Ross Cullen,et al.  New methodology for the ecological footprint with an application to the New Zealand economy , 1998 .

[15]  David Harrison,et al.  A review of product lifetime optimization as an environmental tool , 2001 .

[16]  S. Gössling,et al.  Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism sustainability , 2002 .

[17]  Jiun-Jiun Ferng,et al.  Using composition of land multiplier to estimate ecological footprints associated with production activity , 2001 .

[18]  Helmut Haberl,et al.  How to calculate and interpret ecological footprints for long periods of time: the case of Austria 1926-1995 , 2001 .

[19]  Reed F. Noss,et al.  Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting And Restoring Biodiversity , 1994 .

[20]  A. Ferguson Comments on eco-footprinting , 2001 .

[21]  Brad R. Ewing,et al.  Living planet report 2008 , 2004 .

[22]  W. Rees Revisiting carrying capacity: Area-based indicators of sustainability , 1996 .

[23]  Carl Folke,et al.  Analysis Managing aquaculture for sustainability in tropical Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe , 1996 .