The MUSE Atlas of Disks (MAD): resolving star formation rates and gas metallicities on <100 pc scales†

We study the physical properties of the ionized gas in local disks using the sample of 38 nearby ∼108.5 − 11.2M⊙ Star-Forming Main Sequence (SFMS) galaxies observed so far as part of the MUSE Atlas of Disks (MAD). Specifically, we use all strong emission lines in the MUSE wavelength range 4650-9300 A to investigate the resolved ionized gas properties on ∼ 100 pc scales. This spatial resolution enables us to disentangle H ii regions from the Diffuse Ionized Gas (DIG) in the computation of gas metallicities and Star Formation Rates (SFRs) of star forming regions. The gas metallicities generally decrease with radius. The metallicity of the H ii regions is on average ∼0.1 dex higher than that of the DIG, but the metallicity radial gradient in both components is similar. The mean metallicities within the inner galaxy cores correlate with the total stellar mass of the galaxies. On our < 100 pc scales, we find two correlations previously reported at kpc scales: a spatially resolved Mass-Metallicity Relation (RMZR) and a spatially resolved SFMS (RSFMS). We find no secondary dependency of the RMZR with the SFR density. We find that both resolved relations have a local origin, as they do not depend on the total stellar mass. The observational results of this paper are consistent with the inside-out scenario for the growth of galactic disks.

[1]  M. Martig,et al.  Time Inference with MUSE in Extragalactic Rings (TIMER): properties of the survey and high-level data products , 2018, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

[2]  M. Cappellari,et al.  Recovering stellar population parameters via two full-spectrum fitting algorithms in the absence of model uncertainties , 2018, 1805.03972.

[3]  L. Kewley,et al.  The SAMI Galaxy Survey: spatially resolving the main sequence of star formation , 2018, 1801.04283.

[4]  Christer Sandin,et al.  Lyman-continuum leakage as dominant source of diffuse ionized gas in the Antennae galaxy , 2018 .

[5]  Martin M. Roth,et al.  On the Origin of Diffuse Ionized Gas in the Antennae Galaxy , 2017, 1712.04450.

[6]  D. Bizyaev,et al.  SDSS-IV MaNGA: Spatially Resolved Star Formation Main Sequence and LI(N)ER Sequence , 2017, 1711.09162.

[7]  L. Galbany,et al.  The shape of oxygen abundance profiles explored with MUSE: evidence for widespread deviations from single gradients , 2017, 1710.01188.

[8]  T. Heckman,et al.  Separate Ways: The Mass–Metallicity Relation Does Not Strongly Correlate with Star Formation Rate in SDSS-IV MaNGA Galaxies , 2017, 1706.09893.

[9]  L. Galbany,et al.  The Mass-Metallicity Relation revisited with CALIFA , 2017, 1703.09769.

[10]  M. Bershady,et al.  SDSS IV MaNGA – metallicity and nitrogen abundance gradients in local galaxies , 2017, 1703.03813.

[11]  M. Dopita,et al.  Evidence for azimuthal variations of the oxygen-abundance gradient tracing the spiral structure of the galaxy HCG 91c , 2017, 1701.01728.

[12]  Benjamin D. Johnson,et al.  Nebular Continuum and Line Emission in Stellar Population Synthesis Models , 2016, 1611.08305.

[13]  D. Bizyaev,et al.  Do galaxy global relationships emerge from local ones? The SDSS IV MaNGA surface mass density-metallicity relation , 2016, 1609.01740.

[14]  L. Kewley,et al.  The VIRUS-P Exploration of Nearby Galaxies (VENGA): Spatially Resolved Gas-Phase Metallicity Distributions in Barred and Unbarred Spirals , 2016, 1606.05713.

[15]  Simon J. Lilly,et al.  ZAP -- Enhanced PCA Sky Subtraction for Integral Field Spectroscopy , 2016, 1602.08037.

[16]  L. Galbany,et al.  SPATIALLY RESOLVED STAR FORMATION MAIN SEQUENCE OF GALAXIES IN THE CALIFA SURVEY , 2016, 1602.02770.

[17]  P. Capak,et al.  ISM EXCITATION AND METALLICITY OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT Z ≃ 3.3 FROM NEAR-IR SPECTROSCOPY , 2016, 1602.02779.

[18]  L. Galbany,et al.  Shape of the oxygen abundance profiles in CALIFA face-on spiral galaxies , 2016, 1601.01542.

[19]  L. Kewley,et al.  Chemical abundances in high-redshift galaxies: a powerful new emission line diagnostic , 2016, 1601.01337.

[20]  N. Cardiel,et al.  Outer-disk reddening and gas-phase metallicities: The CALIFA connection , 2015, 1509.07878.

[21]  Northwestern,et al.  The origin and evolution of the galaxy mass–metallicity relation , 2015, 1504.02097.

[22]  S. E. Persson,et al.  THE SFR–M* RELATION AND EMPIRICAL STAR FORMATION HISTORIES FROM ZFOURGE AT 0.5 < z < 4 , 2015, 1510.06072.

[23]  F. Mannucci,et al.  The MAGNUM survey: Positive feedback in the nuclear region of NGC 5643 suggested by MUSE , 2015, 1508.04464.

[24]  J. Brinchmann,et al.  Gas-phase metallicity profiles of the Bluedisk galaxies: Is metallicity in a local star formation regulated equilibrium? , 2015, 1505.02797.

[25]  L. Ho,et al.  Hα kinematics of S4G spiral galaxies – II. Data description and non-circular motions , 2015, 1504.06282.

[26]  G. Zamorani,et al.  Evidence for mature bulges and an inside-out quenching phase 3 billion years after the Big Bang , 2015, Science.

[27]  A. Renzini,et al.  AN OBJECTIVE DEFINITION FOR THE MAIN SEQUENCE OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES , 2015, 1502.01027.

[28]  L. Kewley,et al.  Metallicity gradients in local field star-forming galaxies: insights on inflows, outflows, and the coevolution of gas, stars and metals , 2015, 1501.02668.

[29]  Hai Fu,et al.  OVERVIEW OF THE SDSS-IV MaNGA SURVEY: MAPPING NEARBY GALAXIES AT APACHE POINT OBSERVATORY , 2014, 1412.1482.

[30]  C. Winge,et al.  Interaction effects on galaxy pairs with Gemini/GMOS – II: oxygen abundance gradients , 2014, 1408.0980.

[31]  J. Knapen,et al.  Optical imaging for the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies. Data release and notes on interacting galaxies , 2014, 1406.4107.

[32]  H. Plana,et al.  The Hα kinematics of interacting galaxies in 12 compact groups , 2014, 1406.0828.

[33]  B. Elmegreen,et al.  Star formation sustained by gas accretion , 2014, 1405.3178.

[34]  L. Ho,et al.  ARRAKIS: atlas of resonance rings as known in the S4G , 2013, 1312.0866.

[35]  R. Cid Fernandes,et al.  A characteristic oxygen abundance gradient in galaxy disks unveiled with CALIFA , 2013, 1311.7052.

[36]  O. Cavichia,et al.  The role of the Galactic bar in the chemical evolution of the Milky Way , 2013, 1311.1518.

[37]  A. Dekel,et al.  On the origin of the fundamental metallicity relation and the scatter in galaxy scaling relations , 2013, 1311.1509.

[38]  B. Lundgren,et al.  A CANDELS–3D-HST SYNERGY: RESOLVED STAR FORMATION PATTERNS AT 0.7 < z < 1.5 , 2013, 1310.5702.

[39]  J. Knapen,et al.  Massive star formation in galaxies with excess ultraviolet emission , 2013, 1309.5908.

[40]  L. Galbany,et al.  The O3N2 and N2 abundance indicators revisited: improved calibrations based on CALIFA and T e-based literature data , 2013, 1307.5316.

[41]  K. Jahnke,et al.  Mass-metallicity relation explored with CALIFA I. Is there a dependence on the star-formation rate? , 2013, 1304.2158.

[42]  C. Carollo,et al.  GAS REGULATION OF GALAXIES: THE EVOLUTION OF THE COSMIC SPECIFIC STAR FORMATION RATE, THE METALLICITY–MASS–STAR-FORMATION RATE RELATION, AND THE STELLAR CONTENT OF HALOS , 2013, 1303.5059.

[43]  G. Vaucouleurs,et al.  Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies , 2012 .

[44]  Roland Bacon,et al.  Design and capabilities of the MUSE data reduction software and pipeline , 2012, Other Conferences.

[45]  A. M. Swinbank,et al.  THE A2667 GIANT ARC AT z = 1.03: EVIDENCE FOR LARGE-SCALE SHOCKS AT HIGH REDSHIFT , 2012, 1209.3805.

[46]  L. Ho,et al.  Hα kinematics of S^(4)G spiral galaxies – I. NGC 864 , 2012, 1208.1409.

[47]  Á. López-Sánchez,et al.  Integral field spectroscopy of a sample of nearby galaxies. II. Properties of the H II regions , 2012, 1208.1117.

[48]  J. Bland-Hawthorn,et al.  A NEW SCALING RELATION FOR H ii REGIONS IN SPIRAL GALAXIES: UNVEILING THE TRUE NATURE OF THE MASS–METALLICITY RELATION , 2012, 1207.6216.

[49]  L. Kewley,et al.  A CENSUS OF OXYGEN IN STAR-FORMING GALAXIES: AN EMPIRICAL MODEL LINKING METALLICITIES, STAR FORMATION RATES, AND OUTFLOWS , 2012, 1207.5509.

[50]  P. P'erez-Gonz'alez,et al.  INTEGRAL FIELD SPECTROSCOPY AND MULTI-WAVELENGTH IMAGING OF THE NEARBY SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 5668: AN UNUSUAL FLATTENING IN METALLICITY GRADIENT , 2012, 1205.5051.

[51]  N. Evans,et al.  Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies , 2012, 1204.3552.

[52]  A. Quirrenbach,et al.  CALIFA, the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area survey : I. Survey presentation , 2011, 1111.0962.

[53]  A. Hopkins,et al.  The Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral field spectrograph , 2011, 1112.3367.

[54]  B. Groves,et al.  The Balmer decrement of SDSS galaxies , 2011, 1109.2597.

[55]  Benjamin D. Johnson,et al.  DUST-CORRECTED STAR FORMATION RATES OF GALAXIES. II. COMBINATIONS OF ULTRAVIOLET AND INFRARED TRACERS , 2011, 1108.2837.

[56]  K. Finlator,et al.  An analytic model for the evolution of the stellar, gas and metal content of galaxies , 2011, 1108.0426.

[57]  M. Fumagalli,et al.  STOCHASTIC STAR FORMATION AND A (NEARLY) UNIFORM STELLAR INITIAL MASS FUNCTION , 2011, 1105.6101.

[58]  C. Winge,et al.  The effects of the interactions on the kinematics, stellar population and metallicity of AM 2322−821 with Gemini/GMOS , 2011, 1105.4581.

[59]  Douglas P. Finkbeiner,et al.  MEASURING REDDENING WITH SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY STELLAR SPECTRA AND RECALIBRATING SFD , 2010, 1012.4804.

[60]  Luth,et al.  A comprehensive classification of galaxies in the SDSS: How to tell true from fake AGN? , 2010, 1012.4426.

[61]  Heikki Salo,et al.  The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies ( S 4 G ) , 2010, 1010.1592.

[62]  L. Kewley,et al.  GAS-PHASE OXYGEN GRADIENTS IN STRONGLY INTERACTING GALAXIES. I. EARLY-STAGE INTERACTIONS , 2010, 1009.0761.

[63]  L. Kewley,et al.  METALLICITY GRADIENTS AND GAS FLOWS IN GALAXY PAIRS , 2010, 1008.2204.

[64]  R. J. Reynolds,et al.  PHOTOIONIZATION OF HIGH-ALTITUDE GAS IN A SUPERNOVA-DRIVEN TURBULENT INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM , 2010, 1007.5348.

[65]  P. Best,et al.  Predicting dust extinction from the stellar mass of a galaxy , 2010, 1007.1145.

[66]  M. S'anchez-Portal,et al.  A fundamental plane for field star-forming galaxies , 2010, 1005.0509.

[67]  F. Mannucci,et al.  A fundamental relation between mass, SFR and metallicity in local and high redshift galaxies , 2010, 1005.0006.

[68]  B. Garilli,et al.  MASS AND ENVIRONMENT AS DRIVERS OF GALAXY EVOLUTION IN SDSS AND zCOSMOS AND THE ORIGIN OF THE SCHECHTER FUNCTION , 2010, 1003.4747.

[69]  Yinghe Zhao,et al.  LUMINOSITY–METALLICITY RELATIONS FOR BLUE COMPACT DWARF GALAXIES IN THE OPTICAL AND NEAR-INFRARED , 2009, 0912.4932.

[70]  G. Cresci,et al.  THE IMPACT OF COLD GAS ACCRETION ABOVE A MASS FLOOR ON GALAXY SCALING RELATIONS , 2009, 0912.1858.

[71]  R. Buta,et al.  AINUR: Atlas of Images of NUclear Rings , 2009, 0908.0272.

[72]  Michael Wegner,et al.  Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy III , 2010 .

[73]  Astrophysics,et al.  The size-density relation of extragalactic H II regions , 2009, 0910.2804.

[74]  Benjamin D. Johnson,et al.  COMPARISON OF Hα AND UV STAR FORMATION RATES IN THE LOCAL VOLUME: SYSTEMATIC DISCREPANCIES FOR DWARF GALAXIES , 2009, 0909.5205.

[75]  The University of Texas at Austin,et al.  THE SPATIALLY RESOLVED STAR FORMATION LAW FROM INTEGRAL FIELD SPECTROSCOPY: VIRUS-P OBSERVATIONS OF NGC 5194 , 2009, 0908.2810.

[76]  R. J. Reynolds,et al.  The warm ionized medium in spiral galaxies , 2009, 0901.0941.

[77]  C. Winge,et al.  Kinematics and physical properties of southern interacting galaxies: the minor merger AM 2306–721 , 2008, 0808.0896.

[78]  T. Henning,et al.  The core flux of the brightest 10 μm galaxies in the southern sky , 2008 .

[79]  T.Henning,et al.  The core flux of the brightest 10 micron galaxies in the southern sky , 2008, 0804.2395.

[80]  L. Kewley,et al.  Metallicity Calibrations and the Mass-Metallicity Relation for Star-forming Galaxies , 2008, 0801.1849.

[81]  A. Cimatti,et al.  NICMOS measurements of the near-infrared background , 2007, 0712.2880.

[82]  A. McConnachie,et al.  Clues to the Origin of the Mass-Metallicity Relation: Dependence on Star Formation Rate and Galaxy Size , 2007, 0711.4833.

[83]  A. Cimatti,et al.  Multiwavelength Study of Massive Galaxies at z~2. I. Star Formation and Galaxy Growth , 2007, 0705.2831.

[84]  R. Davé,et al.  The origin of the galaxy mass-metallicity relation and implications for galactic outflows , 2007, 0704.3100.

[85]  J. Starck,et al.  The reversal of the star formation-density relation in the distant universe , 2007, astro-ph/0703653.

[86]  T. Thuan,et al.  On the maximum value of the cosmic abundance of oxygen and the oxygen yield , 2007 .

[87]  Columbia,et al.  Star Formation in AEGIS Field Galaxies since z = 1.1: The Dominance of Gradually Declining Star Formation, and the Main Sequence of Star-forming Galaxies , 2007, astro-ph/0701924.

[88]  R. J. Reynolds,et al.  A Multiwavelength Optical Emission Line Survey of Warm Ionized Gas in the Galaxy , 2006, astro-ph/0609558.

[89]  R. Peletier,et al.  Medium-resolution Isaac Newton Telescope library of empirical spectra - II. The stellar atmospheric parameters , 2006, astro-ph/0611618.

[90]  R. Peletier,et al.  MILES: A Medium resolution INT Library of Empirical Spectra , 2006, astro-ph/0607009.

[91]  Robert D. Gehrz,et al.  On Extending the Mass-Metallicity Relation of Galaxies by 2.5 Decades in Stellar Mass , 2006, astro-ph/0605036.

[92]  C. Steidel,et al.  The Mass-Metallicity Relation at z≳2 , 2006, astro-ph/0602473.

[93]  C. Carollo,et al.  Oxygen Gas Abundances at z~1.4: Implications for the Chemical Evolution History of Galaxies , 2005, astro-ph/0511255.

[94]  H.-W. Chen,et al.  ApJ in press Preprint typeset using L ATEX style emulateapj v. 9/08/03 THE GEMINI DEEP DEEP SURVEY. VII. THE REDSHIFT EVOLUTION OF THE MASS-METALLICITY RELATION 1,2 , 2005 .

[95]  C. Leitherer,et al.  Evolutionary stellar population synthesis at high spectral resolution: optical wavelengths , 2005, astro-ph/0501204.

[96]  U. Toronto,et al.  Evolutionary synthesis of galaxies at high spectral resolution with the code PEGASE-HR. Metallicity and age tracers , 2004, astro-ph/0408419.

[97]  J. Brinkmann,et al.  The Origin of the Mass-Metallicity Relation: Insights from 53,000 Star-forming Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey , 2004, astro-ph/0405537.

[98]  K. Wood,et al.  Monte Carlo photoionization simulations of diffuse ionized gas , 2004, astro-ph/0402409.

[99]  M. Pettini,et al.  [O III] / [N II] as an abundance indicator at high redshift , 2004, astro-ph/0401128.

[100]  Eric Emsellem,et al.  Parametric Recovery of Line‐of‐Sight Velocity Distributions from Absorption‐Line Spectra of Galaxies via Penalized Likelihood , 2003, astro-ph/0312201.

[101]  J. Brinkmann,et al.  The physical properties of star-forming galaxies in the low-redshift universe , 2003, astro-ph/0311060.

[102]  Timothy M. Heckman,et al.  The host galaxies of active galactic nuclei , 2003 .

[103]  J. Surace,et al.  The IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample , 2003, astro-ph/0306263.

[104]  J. Brinkmann,et al.  The Host Galaxies of AGN , 2003, astro-ph/0304239.

[105]  Michele Cappellari,et al.  Adaptive spatial binning of integral-field spectroscopic data using Voronoi tessellations , 2003, astro-ph/0302262.

[106]  Harvard-Smithsonian CfA,et al.  Using Strong Lines to Estimate Abundances in Extragalactic H II Regions and Starburst Galaxies , 2002, astro-ph/0206495.

[107]  L. Kewley,et al.  Theoretical Modeling of Starburst Galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0106324.

[108]  P. Weilbacher,et al.  On star formation rates in dwarf galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0105282.

[109]  B. Koo,et al.  Radio Continuum and Recombination Line Study of Ultracompact H II Regions with Extended Envelopes , 2000, astro-ph/0010535.

[110]  P. Kroupa.  On the variation of the initial mass function , 2000, astro-ph/0009005.

[111]  J. Mathis,et al.  The Warm Ionized Medium in the Milky Way and Other Galaxies , 2000, astro-ph/0010191.

[112]  J. Baldwin,et al.  The Narrow-Line Region in the Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 3393 , 2000 .

[113]  F. Keenan,et al.  Modeling the Warm Ionized Interstellar Medium and Its Impact on Elemental Abundance Studies , 1999, astro-ph/9908051.

[114]  G. Garay,et al.  Massive Stars: Their Environment and Formation , 1999, astro-ph/9907293.

[115]  Yvan Dutil,et al.  Chemical Evidence for Morphological Evolution of Spiral Galaxies , 1999 .

[116]  G. Worthey,et al.  The Distribution of Heavy Elements in Spiral and Elliptical Galaxies , 1999, astro-ph/9904017.

[117]  Edward L. Fitzpatrick,et al.  Correcting for the Effects of Interstellar Extinction , 1998, astro-ph/9809387.

[118]  T. Boller,et al.  The ROSAT/IRAS Galaxy Sample Revisited , 1998 .

[119]  R. Buta,et al.  An Optical, Near-Infrared, and Kinematic Study of Four Early-Type Resonance Ring Galaxies , 1998 .

[120]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds , 1998 .

[121]  R. Walterbos.  The Warm Ionised Medium in Spiral Galaxies: A View from Above , 1997, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia.

[122]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust IR Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and CMBR Foregrounds , 1997, astro-ph/9710327.

[123]  S. White,et al.  The formation of galactic discs , 1997, astro-ph/9707093.

[124]  J. Walsh,et al.  The abundance gradient of NGC1365: evidence for a recently formed bar in an archetypal barred spiral galaxy? , 1997, astro-ph/9705032.

[125]  C. Esteban,et al.  The chemical composition of H ii regions in the outer Galaxy , 1996 .

[126]  J. Roy,et al.  The Oxygen Distribution in NGC 3359 or a Disk Galaxy in the Early Phase of Bar Formation , 1995 .

[127]  W. Benz,et al.  ON THE INFLUENCE OF BARS AND STAR FORMATION ON GALACTIC ABUNDANCE GRADIENTS , 1994 .

[128]  J. Mathis,et al.  The ionization of the diffuse ionized gas , 1994 .

[129]  J. Roy,et al.  THE INFLUENCE OF BARS ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SPIRAL GALAXIES , 1994 .

[130]  J. E. O'Donnell.  R(sub nu)-dependent optical and near-ultraviolet extinction , 1994 .

[131]  J. Huchra,et al.  H II regions and the abundance properties of spiral galaxies , 1994 .

[132]  M. Edmunds,et al.  The relation between abundance gradients and the physical properties of spiral galaxies , 1992 .

[133]  Carlos S. Frenk,et al.  Galaxy formation through hierarchical clustering , 1991 .

[134]  Philippe Veron,et al.  A catalogue of quasars and active nuclei: 12th edition , 1998 .

[135]  J. Mathis,et al.  The relationship between infrared, optical, and ultraviolet extinction , 1989 .

[136]  J. Mathis.  THE EFFECTS OF DUST IN H II REGIONS. , 1986 .

[137]  S. M. Fall,et al.  Chemical evolution of the galactic disk with radial gas flows. , 1985 .

[138]  R. Schommer,et al.  H-alpha observations of spiral galaxies in Cancer, A1367, and Coma , 1984 .

[139]  J. Baldwin,et al.  ERRATUM - CLASSIFICATION PARAMETERS FOR THE EMISSION-LINE SPECTRA OF EXTRAGALACTIC OBJECTS , 1981 .

[140]  L. Searle,et al.  EVIDENCE FOR COMPOSITION GRADIENTS ACROSS THE DISKS OF SPIRAL GALAXIES. , 1971 .

[141]  G. Vaucouleurs.  The distribution of bright galaxies and the local supergalaxy , 1956 .