Supporting Online Material for: Ethanol Can Contribute To Energy and Environmental Goals

To study the potential effects of increased biofuel use, we evaluated six representative analyses of fuel ethanol. Studies that reported negative net energy incorrectly ignored coproducts and used some obsolete data. All studies indicated that current corn ethanol technologies are much less petroleum-intensive than gasoline but have greenhouse gas emissions similar to those of gasoline. However, many important environmental effects of biofuel production are poorly understood. New metrics that measure specific resource inputs are developed, but further research into environmental metrics is needed. Nonetheless, it is already clear that large-scale use of ethanol for fuel will almost certainly require cellulosic technology.

[1]  L. Goddard,et al.  Operations Research (OR) , 2007 .

[2]  李翠霞.  Environmental science & technology. , 1970, Analytical chemistry.

[3]  R. Herendeen,et al.  Gasohol: Does It or Doesn't It Produce Positive Net Energy? , 1979, Science.

[4]  Biological Energy Resources. , 1980 .

[5]  Taylor Francis Online.  Critical reviews in plant sciences , 1983 .

[6]  End Use.  Annual energy review , 1984 .

[7]  Harold A. Linstone,et al.  Technological forecasting and social change , 2011 .

[8]  D. L. Morris.  How Much Energy Does It Take to Make a Gallon of Ethanol , 1995 .

[9]  A. Boardman,et al.  Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice , 1996 .

[10]  Jean-Christophe Castella,et al.  Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment , 1999 .

[11]  Michael Wang,et al.  Development and use of GREET 1.6 fuel-cycle model for transportation fuels and vehicle technologies. , 2001 .

[12]  M. Graboski.  Fossil Energy Use in the Manufacture of Corn Ethanol , 2002 .

[13]  Lester B. Lave,et al.  THE ETHANOL ANSWER TO CARBON EMISSIONS , 2002 .

[14]  Michael Q. Wang,et al.  The Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol: An Update , 2002 .

[15]  Seungdo Kim,et al.  Allocation procedure in ethanol production system from corn grain i. system expansion , 2002 .

[16]  Ray H. Baughman,et al.  Supporting Online Material , 2003 .

[17]  James A. Duffield,et al.  THE ENERGY BALANCE OF CORN ETHANOL REVISITED , 2003 .

[18]  C. Boyden Gray,et al.  The Future of Energy Policy , 2003 .

[19]  T. Patzek.  Thermodynamics of the Corn-Ethanol Biofuel Cycle , 2004 .

[20]  What is natural resources research , 2004 .

[21]  Mark A. Delucchi,et al.  Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Lifecycle Analyses of Transportation Fuels , 2004 .

[22]  R. Service,et al.  What Can Replace Cheap Oil--and When? , 2005, Science.

[23]  C. Cleveland.  Net energy from the extraction of oil and gas in the United States , 2005 .

[24]  Bryce J. Stokes,et al.  Biomass as Feedstock for A Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply , 2005 .

[25]  B. Dale,et al.  Life cycle assessment of various cropping systems utilized for producing biofuels: Bioethanol and biodiesel , 2005 .

[26]  B. E. Vaughan,et al.  Ethanol as Fuel: Energy, Carbon Dioxide Balances, and Ecological Footprint , 2005 .

[27]  D. Pimentel,et al.  Ethanol Production Using Corn, Switchgrass, and Wood; Biodiesel Production Using Soybean and Sunflower , 2005 .

[28]  A. Brandt,et al.  Research Roadmap for Greenhouse Gas Inventory Methods , 2005 .

[29]  Stacy Cagle Davis,et al.  Transportation energy data book , 2008 .