A Robust Audio Watermarking Scheme Based on MPEG 1 Layer 3 Compression

This paper describes an audio watermarking scheme based on lossy compression. The main idea is taken from an image watermarking approach where the JPEG compression algorithm is used to determine where and how the mark should be placed. Similarly, in the audio scheme suggested in this paper, an MPEG 1 Layer 3 algorithm is chosen for compression to determine the position of the mark bits and, thus, the psychoacoustic masking of the MPEG 1 Layer 3 compression is implicitly used. This methodology provides with a high robustness degree against compression attacks. The suggested scheme is also shown to succeed against most of the StirMark benchmark attacks for audio.

[1]  Ioannis Pitas,et al.  Protecting Digital-Image Copyrights: A Framework , 1999, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[2]  Ioannis Pitas,et al.  Robust audio watermarking in the time domain , 1998, 9th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 1998).

[3]  Walter Bender,et al.  Echo Hiding , 1996, Information Hiding.

[4]  Ahmed H. Tewfik,et al.  Current state of the art, challenges and future directions for audio watermarking , 1999, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems.

[5]  Won Don Lee,et al.  An audio watermarking scheme robust to MPEG audio compression , 1999, NSIP.

[6]  Josep Domingo-Ferrer,et al.  Short collusion-secure fingerprints based on dual binary Hamming codes , 2000 .

[7]  Ingemar J. Cox,et al.  Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia , 1997, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[8]  A. E. Bell.  The dynamic digital disk , 1999 .

[9]  Ahmed H. Tewfik,et al.  Multimedia data-embedding and watermarking technologies , 1998, Proc. IEEE.

[10]  Nazim Fatès,et al.  StirMark benchmark: audio watermarking attacks , 2001, Proceedings International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing.

[11]  Markus G. Kuhn,et al.  Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems , 1998, Information Hiding.

[12]  Dan.  Collusion-Secure Fingerprinting for Digital Data , 2002 .

[13]  Josep Domingo-Ferrer,et al.  Simple collusion-secure fingerprinting schemes for images , 2000, Proceedings International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (Cat. No.PR00540).

[14]  Ahmed H. Tewfik,et al.  Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking , 1998, Signal Process..

[15]  Ross J. Anderson,et al.  Evaluation of copyright marking systems , 1999, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems.