Molecular diagnostics by microelectronic microchips

Molecular diagnostics is being revolutionized by the development of highly advanced technologies for DNA and RNA testing. One of the most important challenges is the integration of microelectronics to microchip-based nucleic acid technologies. The specific characteristics of these microsystems make the miniaturization and automation of any step of a molecular diagnostic procedure possible. This review describes the application of microelectronics to all the processes involved in a genetic test, particularly to sample preparation, DNA amplification and sequence variation detection.

[1]  E Gottwald,et al.  Semiquantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction with the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer , 2001, Electrophoresis.

[2]  B. Nordestgaard,et al.  Nanogen microelectronic chip for large-scale genotyping. , 2004, Clinical chemistry.

[3]  P Belgrader,et al.  Microchip isoelectric focusing using a miniature scanning detection system , 2001, Electrophoresis.

[4]  G. van den Engh,et al.  Trapping of DNA by dielectrophoresis , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[5]  Robin H. Liu,et al.  Plastic biochannel hybridization devices: a new concept for microfluidic DNA arrays. , 2002, Analytical biochemistry.

[6]  P. Mitchell.  Microfluidics—downsizing large-scale biology , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[7]  Joseph Wang.  SURVEY AND SUMMARY From DNA biosensors to gene chips , 2000 .

[8]  L J Kricka,et al.  Chip PCR. II. Investigation of different PCR amplification systems in microbabricated silicon-glass chips. , 1996, Nucleic acids research.

[9]  M. Heller,et al.  Preparation and hybridization analysis of DNA/RNA from E. coli on microfabricated bioelectronic chips , 1998, Nature Biotechnology.

[10]  M. Heller,et al.  Isolation of cultured cervical carcinoma cells mixed with peripheral blood cells on a bioelectronic chip. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[11]  Stewart J. Fallon,et al.  Rapid, high fidelity analysis of simple sequence repeats on an electronically active DNA microchip. , 2000, Nucleic acids research.

[12]  S. Jacobson,et al.  Integrated system for rapid PCR-based DNA analysis in microfluidic devices. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[13]  Gabriele Gradl,et al.  The potential of dielectrophoresis for single-cell experiments. , 2003, IEEE engineering in medicine and biology magazine : the quarterly magazine of the Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society.

[14]  S. Jacobson,et al.  Multiple sample PCR amplification and electrophoretic analysis on a microchip. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[15]  T. Livache,et al.  Polypyrrole DNA chip on a silicon device: example of hepatitis C virus genotyping. , 1998, Analytical biochemistry.

[16]  T. G. Drummond,et al.  Electrochemical DNA sensors , 2003, Nature Biotechnology.

[17]  Michael Krihak,et al.  An integrated, stacked microlaboratory for biological agent detection with DNA and immunoassays. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[18]  Eugene Tu,et al.  Active microelectronic array system for DNA hybridization, genotyping and pharmacogenomic applications , 2002, Psychiatric genetics.

[19]  P. Wilding,et al.  Microchip module for blood sample preparation and nucleic acid amplification reactions. , 2001, Genome research.

[20]  F F Becker,et al.  Differential analysis of human leukocytes by dielectrophoretic field-flow-fractionation. , 2000, Biophysical journal.

[21]  A Manz,et al.  Chemical amplification: continuous-flow PCR on a chip. , 1998, Science.

[22]  William A. Mcmillan,et al.  Rapid, automated nucleic acid probe assays using silicon microstructures for nucleic acid concentration. , 1999, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[23]  Inge J. van Wijk,et al.  Bioelectronic Dna Chips for the Clinical Laboratory , 2001 .

[24]  P Belgrader,et al.  A microfluidic cartridge to prepare spores for PCR analysis. , 2000, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[25]  F F Becker,et al.  The removal of human breast cancer cells from hematopoietic CD34+ stem cells by dielectrophoretic field-flow-fractionation. , 1999, Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research.

[26]  J P Landers,et al.  Polymerase chain reaction in polymeric microchips: DNA amplification in less than 240 seconds. , 2001, Analytical biochemistry.

[27]  R A Mathies,et al.  Capillary electrophoresis chips with integrated electrochemical detection. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[28]  J. Weel,et al.  A Highly Sensitive Assay for Detection and Quantitation of Human Cytomegalovirus DNA in Serum and Plasma by PCR and Electrochemiluminescence , 1999, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[29]  Marco Seri,et al.  Analysis of clinically relevant single-nucleotide polymorphisms by use of microelectronic array technology. , 2002, Clinical chemistry.

[30]  Vera Ribeiro,et al.  Electrochemical DNA Sensor for Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms , 2003, Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine.

[31]  Ling Wang,et al.  Multiplexed, targeted gene expression profiling and genetic analysis on electronic microarrays. , 2002, Clinical chemistry.

[32]  K. Ewalt,et al.  Detection of biological toxins on an active electronic microchip. , 2001, Analytical biochemistry.

[33]  M. Heller,et al.  Electric manipulation of bioparticles and macromolecules on microfabricated electrodes. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[34]  J. Sturm,et al.  Micro- and nanofluidics for DNA analysis , 2004, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[35]  Iuliu I. Blaga,et al.  Automated parallel DNA sequencing on multiple channel microchips. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[36]  Marc Madou,et al.  MEMS-based sample preparation for molecular diagnostics , 2002, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[37]  T. Livache,et al.  Conducting polymers on microelectronic devices as tools for biological analyses. , 1998, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[38]  Miroslav Fojta,et al.  Voltammetry of osmium-modified DNA at a mercury film electrode: application in detecting DNA hybridization. , 2004, Bioelectrochemistry.

[39]  Mann A. Shoffner,et al.  Integrated cell isolation and polymerase chain reaction analysis using silicon microfilter chambers. , 1998, Analytical biochemistry.

[40]  P Belgrader,et al.  A battery-powered notebook thermal cycler for rapid multiplex real-time PCR analysis. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[41]  Richard M Weinshilboum,et al.  N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2 genotypes do not predict response or toxicity to treatment with mesalamine and sulfasalazine in patients with ulcerative colitis , 2002, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[42]  P. Sorger,et al.  Electronic detection of DNA by its intrinsic molecular charge , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[43]  D. Meldrum,et al.  Automation for genomics, part two: sequencers, microarrays, and future trends. , 2000, Genome research.

[44]  Andrew J. deMello.  Microfluidics: DNA amplification moves on , 2003, Nature.

[45]  Andre Marziali,et al.  Evaluation of nanopores as candidates for electronic analyte detection , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[46]  Joseph Wang.  Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors , 2002 .

[47]  L J Kricka,et al.  Evaluation of DNA fragment sizing and quantification by the agilent 2100 bioanalyzer. , 2000, Clinical chemistry.

[48]  James P. O'Connell,et al.  Antimicrobial Resistance and Bacterial Identification Utilizing a Microelectronic Chip Array , 2001, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[49]  P. Belgrader,et al.  PCR Detection of Bacteria in Seven Minutes , 1999, Science.

[50]  Elizabeth M. Boon,et al.  Mutation detection by electrocatalysis at DNA-modified electrodes , 2000, Nature Biotechnology.

[51]  D. Branton,et al.  Rapid nanopore discrimination between single polynucleotide molecules. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[52]  Yasutaka Morita,et al.  Application of a microchamber array for DNA amplification using a novel dispensing method. , 2002, Archives of histology and cytology.

[53]  C. Spargo,et al.  Pathogen analysis and genetic predisposition testing using microelectronic arrays and isothermal amplification. , 2000, Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research.

[54]  P. McEwan,et al.  Eight hundred-base sequencing in a microfabricated electrophoretic device. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[55]  F F Becker,et al.  Cell separation on microfabricated electrodes using dielectrophoretic/gravitational field-flow fractionation. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[56]  M. A. Northrup,et al.  Functional integration of PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis in a microfabricated DNA analysis device. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.

[57]  J Wang,et al.  From DNA biosensors to gene chips. , 2000, Nucleic acids research.

[58]  Elaine Lyon,et al.  Evaluation of electronic microarrays for genotyping factor V, factor II, and MTHFR. , 2003, Clinical chemistry.

[59]  Victoria M Pratt,et al.  Bioelectronic sensor technology for detection of cystic fibrosis and hereditary hemochromatosis mutations. , 2003, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[60]  R S Foote,et al.  Microchip device for cell lysis, multiplex PCR amplification, and electrophoretic sizing. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[61]  Kagan Kerman,et al.  Allele-specific genotype detection of factor V Leiden mutation from polymerase chain reaction amplicons based on label-free electrochemical genosensor. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[62]  Stephen J. Chanock,et al.  Single nucleotide polymorphic discrimination by an electronic dot blot assay on semiconductor microchips , 1999, Nature Biotechnology.

[63]  Ling Wang,et al.  Anchored multiplex amplification on a microelectronic chip array , 2000, Nature Biotechnology.

[64]  J. Landers,et al.  Evaluation of silica resins for direct and efficient extraction of DNA from complex biological matrices in a miniaturized format. , 2000, Analytical biochemistry.

[65]  H. Yowanto,et al.  Electronic detection of nucleic acids: a versatile platform for molecular diagnostics. , 2001, The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD.

[66]  Elizabeth M. Boon,et al.  Charge transport in DNA. , 2002, Current opinion in structural biology.

[67]  Norbert Windhab,et al.  Rapid parallel mutation scanning of gene fragments using a microelectronic protein-DNA chip format. , 2002, Nucleic acids research.

[68]  M. Heller,et al.  Active microelectronic chip devices which utilize controlled electrophoretic fields for multiplex DNA hybridization and other genomic applications , 2000, Electrophoresis.

[69]  James R Cerhan,et al.  Microarray and microfluidic methodology for genotyping cytokine gene polymorphisms. , 2003, Human immunology.

[70]  Laura Cremonesi,et al.  Beta-thalassemia microelectronic chip: a fast and accurate method for mutation detection. , 2004, Clinical chemistry.

[71]  S. Bezrukov,et al.  Ion Channels as Molecular Coulter Counters to Probe Metabolite Transport , 2000, The Journal of Membrane Biology.

[72]  Eric S. Nordman,et al.  DNA sequencing in a monolithic microchannel device , 2000, Electrophoresis.

[73]  P. A. Ropp,et al.  Site-selective electron transfer from purines to electrocatalysts: voltammetric detection of a biologically relevant deletion in hybridized DNA duplexes. , 1999, Chemistry & biology.

[74]  Mwj Menno Prins,et al.  Fluid control in multichannel structures by electrocapillary pressure. , 2001, Science.

[75]  Feng Xu,et al.  Analysis of DNA polymorphisms on the human Y‐chromosome by microchip electrophoresis , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[76]  Paul Galvin,et al.  A nanobiotechnology roadmap for high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism analysis , 2002, Psychiatric genetics.

[77]  Yau-Huei Wei,et al.  Detection of DNA mutations associated with mitochondrial diseases by Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer. , 2002, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.