MicroRNA-21 and Risk of Severe Acute Kidney Injury and Poor Outcomes after Adult Cardiac Surgery

Background Severe acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery is associated with poor clinical outcomes. This study evaluated the potential use of miR-21 as a risk marker for postoperative AKI progression and other poor outcomes. Methodology/Principal Findings The study included 120 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery: 40 non-AKI controls, 39 patients with progressive AKI, and 41 with non-progressive AKI. Urine and plasma levels of miR-21 were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Associations between miR-21 levels and AKI progression were determined by estimating areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). We demonstrated that up-regulated urine and plasma levels of miR-21 in patients with AKI were both associated with AKI progression. The AUCs for urine and plasma levels of miR-21 associated with established AKI were 0.68 (95%CI: 0.59–0.78) and 0.80 (95%CI: 0.73–0.88), respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusting for clinical variables, indicated that the prognostic predictive power of urine and plasma miR-21 levels for AKI progression were represented by AUCs of 0.81 (95%CI: 0.72–0.91) and 0.83 (95%CI: 0.74–0.92), respectively. Urinary and plasma miR-21 levels also predicted the need for postoperative renal replacement therapy (RRT), development of Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) stage 3 AKI, 30-day in-hospital mortality and prolonged stay in hospital or ICU. Urine miR-21 was a better outcome predictor than plasma miR-21, being associated with higher (1.4- to 2.6-fold) unadjusted odds ratio for progression of AKI and other poor outcomes. Conclusions Urinary and plasma miR-21 are associated with severe AKI and other poor postoperative outcomes of cardiac surgery, indicating their potential use as prognostic markers.