Orthographic learning, phonological recoding, and self-teaching.

Publisher Summary A good deal has been learned about the basic parameters of orthographic learning, but many researchers in this field have observed that less is known about how this learning comes about. The orthographic learning function needs to be systematically mapped for both normal and disabled readers. Most studies to date have understandably used a small number of selected points on the learning curve, and although more exposures tend to elicit stronger outcomes, only a comprehensive mapping effort can determine whether orthographic learning adheres to the standard power function common to a wide variety of skill learning.

[1]  A. A. Levy,et al.  A developmental investigation of selective attention to graphic, phonetic, and semantic information in words , 1979 .

[2]  Patricia Greig Bowers,et al.  Theoretical links among naming speed, precise timing mechanisms and orthographic skill in dyslexia , 1993 .

[3]  Paul W. B. Atkins,et al.  Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. , 1993 .

[4]  M Naveh-Benjamin,et al.  Digit Span, Reading Rate, and Linguistic Relativity , 1986, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[5]  Anne Castles,et al.  Cognitive Correlates of Developmental Surface Dyslexia: A Single Case Study. , 1996, Cognitive neuropsychology.

[6]  Christiane S Kyte,et al.  The role of phonological recoding in orthographic learning. , 2006, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[7]  K. Forster,et al.  REPETITION PRIMING AND FREQUENCY ATTENUATION IN LEXICAL ACCESS , 1984 .

[8]  R. Malatesha Joshi,et al.  Reading and Writing Disorders in Different Orthographic Systems , 1989 .

[9]  K. Goodman Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game , 1967 .

[10]  David L. Share,et al.  Learning to read and write in Hebrew. , 1999 .

[11]  Shane Templeton,et al.  Development of Orthographic Knowledge and the Foundations of Literacy : A Memorial Festschrift for edmund H. Henderson , 1994 .

[12]  Richard L. Venezky,et al.  In search of the perfect orthography , 2004 .

[13]  A. Cunningham Accounting for children's orthographic learning while reading text: do children self-teach? , 2006, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[14]  P. Reitsma,et al.  Printed word learning in beginning readers , 1983 .

[15]  Victor H. P. van Daal,et al.  Automatization Aspects of Dyslexia Speed Limitations in Word Identification, Sensitivity to Increasing Task Demands, and Orthographic Compensation , 1999 .

[16]  B. Ans,et al.  A connectionist multiple-trace memory model for polysyllabic word reading. , 1998, Psychological review.

[17]  C. Dollaghan,et al.  Fast mapping in normal and language-impaired children. , 1987, The Journal of speech and hearing disorders.

[18]  A. Karni The acquisition of perceptual and motor skills: a memory system in the adult human cortex. , 1996, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[19]  Linnea C. Ehri,et al.  Development of Sight Word Reading: Phases and Findings. , 2008 .

[20]  Mark S. Seidenberg,et al.  Computing the meanings of words in reading: cooperative division of labor between visual and phonological processes. , 2004, Psychological review.

[21]  L. Siegel,et al.  The Double-Deficit Hypothesis , 2006, Journal of learning disabilities.

[22]  Noam Chomsky,et al.  The Sound Pattern of English , 1968 .

[23]  Jonathan Baron,et al.  How Children Get Meaning from Printed Words. , 1977 .

[24]  H. Wimmer,et al.  Training reading fluency in dysfluent readers with high reading accuracy: Word specific effects but low transfer to untrained words , 2004, Annals of dyslexia.

[25]  B. Weekes Differential Effects of Number of Letters on Word and Nonword Naming Latency , 1997 .

[26]  M. Wolf,et al.  The Varieties of Pathways to Dysfluent Reading , 2008, Journal of learning disabilities.

[27]  M Coltheart,et al.  Children’s use of phonological encoding when reading for meaning , 1980, Memory & cognition.

[28]  David L. Share,et al.  Self-teaching in normal and disabled readers , 2004 .

[29]  G. Thorstad,et al.  The effect of orthography on the acquisition of literacy skills , 1991 .

[30]  B. Levy,et al.  Word acquisition, retention, and transfer: findings from contextual and isolated word training. , 2007, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[31]  Keith E. Stanovich,et al.  Converging evidence for the concept of orthographic processing , 2001 .

[32]  Caroline Liberg,et al.  Learning to read and write , 1990 .

[33]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. , 1977 .

[34]  J. Ziegler,et al.  Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: a psycholinguistic grain size theory. , 2005, Psychological bulletin.

[35]  D. Plaut,et al.  SD-squared: on the association between semantic dementia and surface dyslexia. , 2007, Psychological review.

[36]  Bruce F. Pennington,et al.  Word identification in reading and the promise of subsymbolic psycholinguistics. , 1990, Psychological review.

[37]  Allen and Rosenbloom Paul S. Newell,et al.  Mechanisms of Skill Acquisition and the Law of Practice , 1993 .

[38]  R. Joshi,et al.  Handbook of Orthography and Literacy , 2005 .

[39]  D. Share Phonological recoding and self-teaching: sine qua non of reading acquisition , 1995, Cognition.

[40]  C. Perfetti The Representation Problem in Reading Acquisition , 1992 .

[41]  S. Jay Samuels,et al.  Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading , 1974 .

[42]  Anthony F Jorm Specific reading retardation and working memory: a review. , 1983, British journal of psychology.

[43]  D. Share Phonological recoding and orthographic learning: A direct test of the self-teaching hypothesis. , 1999, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[44]  M. Coltheart Lexical access in simple reading tasks , 1978 .

[45]  Linnea C. Ehri,et al.  Beginning readers outperform older disabled readers in learning to read words by sight , 1995 .

[46]  Ram Frost,et al.  Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning , 1992 .

[47]  Karin Landerl,et al.  Influences of orthographic consistency and reading instruction on the development of nonword reading skills , 2000 .

[48]  William E. Tunmer,et al.  Language prediction skill, phonological recoding ability, and beginning reading. , 1998 .

[49]  D. Share,et al.  Syllable splitting in literate and preliterate Hebrew speakers: onsets and rimes or bodies and codas? , 2005, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[50]  C. Perfetti,et al.  Learning to read : basic research and its implications , 1993 .

[51]  Anthony F Jorm The cognitive and neurological basis of developmental dyslexia: A theoretical framework and review , 1979, Cognition.

[52]  Linnea C. Ehri,et al.  The influence of orthography on readers' conceptualization of the phonemic structure of words , 1980, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[53]  K. Stanovich,et al.  Orthographic learning during reading: examining the role of self-teaching. , 2002, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[54]  Susan Carey,et al.  Acquiring a Single New Word , 1978 .

[55]  Jennifer S. Burt,et al.  What is orthographic processing skill and how does it relate to word identification in reading , 2006 .

[56]  Anthony F. Jorm,et al.  Phonological recoding skills and learning to read: A longitudinal study , 1984, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[57]  Linnea C. Ehri,et al.  Reconceptualizing the Development of Sight Word Reading and Its Relationship to Recoding , 1992 .

[58]  D. Share,et al.  Cognitive antecedents of early reading ability: a test of the modularity hypothesis. , 2003, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[59]  J. Bowey,et al.  Phonological recoding and rapid orthographic learning in third-graders' silent reading: a critical test of the self-teaching hypothesis. , 2005, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[60]  Linnea C. Ehri,et al.  Do beginners learn printed words better in contexts or in isolation , 1979 .

[61]  Axel Cleeremans,et al.  Implicit learning out of the lab: the case of orthographic regularities. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[62]  M. Snowling,et al.  Visual Memory Deficits: A Plausible Cause of Developmental Dyslexia? Evidence from a Single Case Study , 1991 .

[63]  Max Coltheart,et al.  Does reading develop in a sequence of stages? , 1988, Cognition.

[64]  A. Baddeley,et al.  Word length and the structure of short-term memory , 1975 .

[65]  R. Treiman,et al.  The beginnings of orthographic knowledge: Children's knowledge of double letters in words. , 1997 .

[66]  K. Stanovich Progress in Understanding Reading: Scientific Foundations and New Frontiers , 2000 .

[67]  Randolph G. Bias,et al.  Phonological recoding and reading. , 1981 .

[68]  Keith E. Stanovich,et al.  Concepts in developmental theories of reading skill: Cognitive resources, automaticity, and modularity. , 1990 .

[69]  Charles Hulme,et al.  The science of reading: A handbook. , 2005 .

[70]  G. Underwood Strategies of information processing , 1980 .

[71]  K. Rayner Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. , 1998, Psychological bulletin.

[72]  K. Stanovich Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. , 1986 .

[73]  David J. Francis,et al.  Variability in Text Features in Six Grade 1 Basal Reading Programs , 2004 .

[74]  Franklin R. Manis,et al.  Acquisition of word identification skills in normal and disabled readers , 1985 .

[75]  D. Share Orthographic learning at a glance: on the time course and developmental onset of self-teaching. , 2004, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[76]  S. Samuels,et al.  Attentional process in reading: the effect of pictures on the acquisition of reading responses. , 1967, Journal of educational psychology.

[77]  H. Wimmer,et al.  Characteristics of developmental dyslexia in a regular writing system , 1993, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[78]  Gordon D. Logan,et al.  Automaticity and Reading: Perspectives from the Instance Theory of Automatization. , 1997 .

[79]  Frank R. Vellutino,et al.  Dyslexia: Theory and Research , 1979 .

[80]  Ram Frost,et al.  Orthographic Systems and Skilled Word Recognition Processes in Reading , 2008 .

[81]  Gordon D Logan,et al.  An instance theory of attention and memory. , 2002, Psychological review.

[82]  David L. Share,et al.  Orthographic Learning During Oral and Silent Reading , 2007 .

[83]  Max Coltheart,et al.  Modeling Reading: The Dual‐Route Approach , 2008 .

[84]  R. W. Barron Word recognition in early reading: A review of the direct and indirect access hypotheses , 1986, Cognition.

[85]  S. Samuels,et al.  The Effect of Pictures and Contextual Conditions on Learning Responses to Printed Words. , 1973 .

[86]  Charles Hulme,et al.  Reading and Spelling : Development and Disorders , 1998 .

[87]  William E. Tunmer,et al.  Metalinguistic Abilities, Phonological Recoding Skill, and the Use of Context in Beginning Reading Development: A Longitudinal Study , 2005 .

[88]  K. Nation,et al.  Orthographic learning via self-teaching in children learning to read English: effects of exposure, durability, and context. , 2007, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[89]  S. Valdois,et al.  Developmental dyslexia: The visual attention span deficit hypothesis , 2007, Cognition.

[90]  R. Frost Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: true issues and false trails. , 1998 .

[91]  Charles A. Perfetti,et al.  Reading skill and the role of verbal experience in decoding. , 1978 .

[92]  Janice Kay,et al.  One Process, Not Two, in Reading Aloud: Lexical Analogies Do the Work of Non-Lexical Rules , 1981 .

[93]  G. Logan Toward an instance theory of automatization. , 1988 .

[94]  D. LaBerge,et al.  Theory of attentional operations in shape identification. , 1989 .

[95]  J. Bowey,et al.  Correlates of orthographic learning in third‐grade children's silent reading , 2007 .

[96]  Pytter Reitsma,et al.  Word‐specific Knowledge in Beginning Reading , 1983 .

[97]  Pierluigi Zoccolotti,et al.  Reading Words and Pseudowords: An Eye Movement Study of Developmental Dyslexia , 2002, Brain and Language.

[98]  R. Glushko The Organization and Activation of Orthographic Knowledge in Reading Aloud. , 1979 .

[99]  Michael Tomasello,et al.  Word Learning: A Window on Early Pragmatic Understanding , 1998 .

[100]  Pieter Reitsma,et al.  Orthographic Memory and Learning to Read , 1989 .

[101]  D. Share,et al.  Spelling as a self‐teaching mechanism in orthographic learning , 2008 .

[102]  Philip B. Gough,et al.  The first stages of word recognition. , 1991 .

[103]  P. Bryant,et al.  How children learn about morphological spelling rules. , 2007, Child development.

[104]  H. Wimmer,et al.  Eye movements of dyslexic children when reading in a regular orthography , 2004, Brain and Language.

[105]  M. Coltheart,et al.  The relationship between language-processing and visual-processing deficits in developmental dyslexia , 1999, Cognition.

[106]  L. Standing,et al.  Is the immediate memory span determined by subvocalization rate , 1980 .

[107]  Susan Dunlap,et al.  The role of discourse context in developing word form representations: a paradoxical relation between reading and learning. , 2006, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[108]  E. Markman,et al.  Rapid Word Learning in 13- and 18-Month-Olds. , 1994 .

[109]  A F Jorm Children with reading and spelling retardation: functioning of whole-word and correspondence-rule mechanisms. , 1981, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[110]  Mark S. Seidenberg,et al.  Phonology, reading acquisition, and dyslexia: insights from connectionist models. , 1999 .

[111]  Geoffrey W. Stuart,et al.  Contrast sensitivity in subgroups of developmental dyslexia , 2003, Vision Research.

[112]  P. H. Seymour,et al.  Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies. , 2003, British journal of psychology.

[113]  Charles A. Perfetti,et al.  The Universal Grammar of Reading , 2003 .

[114]  James L. McClelland,et al.  Understanding normal and impaired word reading: computational principles in quasi-regular domains. , 1996, Psychological review.

[115]  Eve V. Clark,et al.  The proceedings of the twenty-seventh annual Child Language Research Forum , 2000 .

[116]  Isabelle Y. Liberman,et al.  Phonological awareness in illterates: Observations from Serbo-Croatian , 1995, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[117]  H. Wimmer,et al.  Impaired visual processing of multi-element arrays is associated with increased number of eye movements in dyslexic reading , 2005, Vision Research.

[118]  U. Frith Cognitive Processes in Spelling , 1980 .

[119]  R. Siegler,et al.  Strategy choice procedures and the development of multiplication skill. , 1988, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[120]  Kate Nation,et al.  How does orthographic learning happen , 2006 .

[121]  Anthony F. Jorm,et al.  An invited article: Phonological recoding and reading acquisition , 1983, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[122]  Richard L Venezky Foundations for Studying Basic Processes in Reading , 2005 .

[123]  M Coltheart,et al.  DRC: a dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. , 2001, Psychological review.

[124]  Gary Wright,et al.  Are silent reading behaviors of first graders really silent , 2004 .

[125]  L. Ehri,et al.  Movement into Reading: Is the First Stage of Printed Word Learning Visual or Phonetic?. , 1985 .

[126]  P. F. Jong,et al.  Developmental changes in the manifestation of a phonological deficit in dyslexic children learning to read a regular orthography. , 2003 .

[127]  Linnea C. Ehri,et al.  Cipher Versus Cue Reading: An Experiment in Decoding Acquisition. , 1987 .

[128]  K. Nation Reading skills in hyperlexia: a developmental perspective. , 1999, Psychological bulletin.