Issues and Concepts

There has been a considerable amount of research that defines and characterises the form of the sustainable city, and which urban forms may most affect sustainability. It is a complex issue. The physical dimensions of urban form may include its size, shape, land uses, configuration and distribution of open space – a composite of a multitude of characteristics, including a city’s transportation system and urban design features (e.g. Handy, 1996; Llewelyn-Davies, 2000). However, its sustainability depends on more abstract issues – environmental (including transport), social and economic. Research suggests that, not one, but a number of urban forms may be sustainable (Williams et al., 2000). Yet much of the debate about the sustainability of cities and urban forms has focused on increasing the density of development, ensuring a mix of uses, containing urban ‘sprawl’ and achieving social and economic diversity and vitality – often characterised as the concept of a ‘compact city’ (see Jenks et al., 1996; Jenks and Dempsey, 2005).

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