Description, deployment and optimization of medical image analysis workflows on production grids. (Description, déploiement et optimisation de chaînes de traitements d'analyse d'images médicales sur grilles de production)

En permettant le partage a grande echelle de donnees et d'algorithmes et en fournissant une quantite importante de puissance de calcul et de stockage, les grilles de calcul sont des plates-formes interessantes pour les applications d'analyse d'images medicales. Dans cette these, nous etudions un probleme d'analyse d'images medicales qui s'avere etre une application dimensionnante pour les grilles, conduisant au developpement de nouvelles methodes et outils pour la description, l'implementation et l'optimisation de flots de traitements. Le probleme applicatif etudie est l'evaluation de la precision d'algorithmes de recalage d'images medicales en l'absence de verite terrain. Nous faisons passer a l'echelle une methode statistique d'evaluation de ces algorithmes et nous montrons des resultats de precision sur une base de donnees liee au suivi de la radiotherapie du cerveau. Ces resultats permettent notamment de detecter des defauts tres legers au sein des donnees. Nous etendons ce schema pour quantifier l'impact de la compression des images sur la qualite du recalage. Cette application etant representative de problemes typiques survenant sur les grilles, nous nous attachons a son deploiement et a son execution sur ce type d'infrastructures. Pour faciliter une parallelisation transparente, nous adoptons un modele generique de flots de traitements, dont nous proposons une nouvelle taxonomie. Pour repondre aux limitations de performance des moteurs d'execution de flots existants, nous presentons MOTEUR, qui permet d'exploiter les differents types de parallelisme inherents a ces applications. La definition d'un nouvel operateur de composition de donnees facilite la description des applications d'analyse d'images medicales sur les grilles. Par une comparaison entre la grille de production EGEE et des grappes dediees de Grid'5000, nous mettons en evidence l'importance de la variabilite de la latence sur une grille de production. En consequence, nous proposons un modele probabiliste du temps d'execution d'un flot de traitement sur une grille. Ce modele est centre sur l'utilisateur : il considere la grille toute entiere comme une boite noire introduisant une latence aleatoire sur le temps d'execution d'une tâche. A partir de ce modele, nous proposons trois strategies d'optimisation visant a reduire l'impact de la latence et de sa variabilite : (1) dans un flot de traitement, grouper les tâches sequentiellement liees permet de reduire la latence moyenne rencontree, (2) optimiser la valeur du delai d'expiration des tâches premunit contre les valeurs extremes de la latence et (3) optimiser la granularite des tâches permet de reduire le risque de rencontrer de fortes latences. Des accelerations significatives sont ainsi obtenues.

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