Protein structure and freeze-drying: the effects of residual moisture and gases.

Abstract The drying of biologic materials by sublimation of ice in vacuo is not a single, simple process. The final product obtained is a function of the chemical and physical nature of the macromolecules present, the kinds and amounts of water molecules and their relation to the types and kinds of macromolecules, the influence of water on the conformation of the macromolecules, the gaseous environment in which dried preparations are placed and the physical principles regulating the process of freeze-drying.

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