Renal relevant radiology: use of ultrasound in kidney disease and nephrology procedures.

Ultrasound is commonly used in nephrology for diagnostic studies of the kidneys and lower urinary tract and to guide percutaneous procedures, such as insertion of hemodialysis catheters and kidney biopsy. Nephrologists must, therefore, have a thorough understanding of renal anatomy and the sonographic appearance of normal kidneys and lower urinary tract, and they must be able to recognize common abnormalities. Proper interpretation requires correlation with the clinical scenario. With the advent of affordable, portable scanners, sonography has become a procedure that can be performed by nephrologists, and both training and certification in renal ultrasonography are available.

[1]  I. Maya.  Ultrasound/Fluoroscopy‐Assisted Placement of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters , 2007, Seminars in dialysis.

[2]  M. Allon,et al.  ASDIN: Percutaneous Renal Biopsy: Outpatient Observation without Hospitalization Is Safe , 2009, Seminars in dialysis.

[3]  J. Platt,et al.  Review. The resistive index in renal Doppler sonography: where do we stand? , 2003, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[4]  V. Noble,et al.  Ultrasound assessment for extravascular lung water in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Time course for resolution. , 2009, Chest.

[5]  E E de Lange,et al.  Renal volume measurements: accuracy and repeatability of US compared with that of MR imaging. , 1999, Radiology.

[6]  C. Mcarthur,et al.  Early measurement of pulsatility and resistive indexes: correlation with long-term renal transplant function. , 2011, Radiology.

[7]  N. Koga,et al.  Usefulness of Renal Ultrasonography for Assessment of Severity and Course of Acute Tubular Necrosis , 1984, Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU.

[8]  M. Sathyanarayanan,et al.  Ultrasound-guided femoral dialysis access placement: a single-center randomized trial. , 2010, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

[9]  M. Khademi.  Angiographic measurement of renal compartments. Corticomedullary ratio in normal, diseased states and sickle cell anemia. , 1974, Radiology.

[10]  Z. Koc,et al.  Accuracy of sonography for detecting renal stone: Comparison with CT , 2007, Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU.

[11]  W. C. O'Neill,et al.  Renal ultrasonography: a procedure for nephrologists. , 1997, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[12]  W. C. O'Neill,et al.  Correlation of renal histopathology with sonographic findings. , 2005, Kidney international.

[13]  M. Lockhart,et al.  Imaging of renovascular disease. , 2009, Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR.

[14]  D. Rubens,et al.  Renal sonography: can it be used more selectively in the setting of an elevated serum creatinine level? , 1997, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[15]  J. V. van Engelshoven,et al.  Diagnostic Tests for Renal Artery Stenosis in Patients Suspected of Having Renovascular Hypertension , 2001, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[16]  W. C. O'Neill,et al.  Bedside renal biopsy: ultrasound guidance by the nephrologist. , 1999, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[17]  D. S. Raj,et al.  Quantitation of change in the medullary compartment in renal allograft by ultrasound , 1997, Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU.

[18]  S. Ash.  American Society of Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology: Guidelines for Training, Certification, and Accreditation , 2002 .

[19]  J. A. Manley,et al.  How echogenic is echogenic? Quantitative acoustics of the renal cortex. , 2001, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[20]  M Galanski,et al.  Use of Doppler ultrasonography to predict the outcome of therapy for renal-artery stenosis. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[21]  N. Seyahi,et al.  Ultrasound imaging findings of femoral veins in patients with renal failure and its impact on vascular access. , 2005, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[22]  J. Craig,et al.  Cancer screening in renal transplant recipients: what is the evidence? , 2008, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

[23]  Mitchell E. Tublin,et al.  The Resistive Index in Renal Doppler Sonography: Where Do We Stand? , 2003 .

[24]  W. C. O'Neill,et al.  Sonographic evaluation of renal failure. , 2000, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[25]  D. Baumgarten,et al.  Reduced renal function in patients with simple renal cysts. , 2004, Kidney international.

[26]  J. Miller,et al.  Sonographic assessment of the severity and progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: the Consortium of Renal Imaging Studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (CRISP). , 2005, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[27]  H. Oliva Aldámiz,et al.  [Percutaneous renal biopsy]. , 1968, Revista clinica espanola.

[28]  J. Glockner,et al.  Importance of US findings in access planning during jugular vein hemodialysis catheter placements. , 2000, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[29]  M. Bosniak.  Diagnosis and management of patients with complicated cystic lesions of the kidney. , 1997, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[30]  D. Baumgarten,et al.  Ultrasonography in renal transplantation. , 2002, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[31]  G. Heine,et al.  Renal Doppler resistance indices are associated with systemic atherosclerosis in kidney transplant recipients. , 2005, Kidney international.

[32]  A. Paterson,et al.  Unified criteria for ultrasonographic diagnosis of ADPKD. , 2009, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[33]  H. Abrams.  Quantitative derivates of renal radiologic studies. An overview. , 1972, Investigative Radiology.

[34]  D. Webb,et al.  Ultrasound findings in renal parenchymal disease: comparison with histological appearances. , 1994, Clinical radiology.

[35]  C. So,et al.  Radiologic placement of tunneled central catheters: rates of success and of immediate complications in a large series. , 1999, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[36]  B. Krumme,et al.  Doppler sonography in renal artery stenosis--does the Resistive Index predict the success of intervention? , 2007, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[37]  J. Kirkpatrick,et al.  Handcarried ultrasound measurement of the inferior vena cava for assessment of intravascular volume status in the outpatient hemodialysis clinic. , 2006, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

[38]  W. C. O'Neill,et al.  Performance of procedures by nephrologists and nephrology fellows at U.S. nephrology training programs. , 2008, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

[39]  J. V. van Engelshoven,et al.  Diagnostic tests for renal artery stenosis in patients suspected of having renovascular hypertension: a meta-analysis , 2002 .

[40]  J. Platt,et al.  Sonographic twinkling artifact for renal calculus detection: correlation with CT. , 2011, Radiology.

[41]  W. C. O'Neill,et al.  Reduced kidney size in patients with simple renal cysts. , 2003, Kidney international.

[42]  W. Charles O'Neill.  Atlas of Renal Ultrasonography , 2001 .

[43]  M. Berres,et al.  Kidney size in childhood sonographical growth charts for kidney length and volume , 2006, Pediatric Radiology.

[44]  W. Hörl,et al.  Ultrasonography of the catheter tunnel in peritoneal dialysis patients: what are the indications? , 1999, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[45]  M D Harpen,et al.  Ultrasonographic determination of renal mass and renal volume. , 1983, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[46]  P. Boyle,et al.  Cancers of the kidney and urinary tract in patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease: analysis of data from the United States, Europe, and Australia and New Zealand. , 2003, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.