Plant cover estimation based on the beta distribution in grassland vegetation

Cover is the most frequently used measure of abundance in vegetation surveys of grasslands, and various qualitative and semi-quantitative methods have been developed for visual estimation of this metric. Field survey is usually made with a point-grid plate. The frequency distributions of cover derived from point-grid counts follow a beta distribution. Combining point-grid counts from a field survey and the beta distribution for a statistical analysis, we developed an effort-saving cover-measurement method. Cover is measured with a transparent plastic plate on which, for example, 10 × 10 = 100 points are arranged in a lattice with 1-cm grid spacing (thus, one point count represents 1 cm2 of cover). N quadrats are set out at randomly dispersed sites in a grassland, and, in each, the plastic plate is used for making counts. The number of grid points located above a given species is counted in every quadrat until the number of counted points reaches a given value c, which is determined in advance. If the number of counted points reaches c in a quadrat, the count is stopped and the quadrat is classified in the category “>c”. In quadrats where c is not attained, full point counts above the species bodies are made. Let g be the number of observed quadrats whose cover is ≤c. Using these g cover measurements and the number of quadrats (N − g) with cover >c, we can quantitatively estimate cover for each species and the spatial pattern index value based on the maximum likelihood method. In trial counts using this method, the time savings varied between 5% and 41%, depending on the shape of the cover frequency distribution. The mean cover value estimates agreed well with conventional measures without a stopping point (i.e., based on full counts of all points in each quadrat).