Evaluation of NCEP-CFSR, NCEP-NCAR, ERA-Interim, and ERA-40 Reanalysis Datasets against Independent Sounding Observations over the Tibetan Plateau

The NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis, NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), 40-yr ECMWF ReAnalysis (ERA-40), and interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) products are evaluated with sounding observations from anenhanced radiosondenetworkavailable every 6 h during the Tibetan PlateauExperiment (TIPEX) conducted from 10 May to 9 August 1998. This study uses more than 3000 high-quality, independent rawinsondes at 11 stations (which were not assimilated in any of the reanalyses), which represents the first time thatsuchacomprehensiveevaluationisperformedtoassessthequalityofthesefourmostwidelyusedreanalysis products over this region, which is highest in the world and crucial to the global climate and weather. Averaging over the entire three-month period, it is found that each reanalysis dataset produces mean values of temperature and horizontal winds consistent with the verifying soundings (indicating relatively small mean bias);however,thereareconsiderabledifferences(biases)inthemeanrelativehumidity.Onaverage,exceptfor temperature at higher levels, both newer-generation reanalyses (CFSR and ERA-Interim) have smaller rootmean-square (RMS) error and bias than their predecessors (NCEP‐NCAR and ERA-40). With some exceptions, the RMS errors of all variables for both CFSR and ERA-Interim(verifying with soundings) are similar in magnitudetotheRMSdifferencebetweenthesetworeanalyses, allofwhichareapproximatelytwiceas largeas the corresponding observation errors. It is also found that there are strong diurnal variations in bothRMS error and mean bias that differ greatly among different reanalyses and at different pressure levels.