Modeling in Anesthesia

A model can be defined as an abstraction of reality which accounts for those properties of a phenomenon that are pertinent to the purpose of the model. Models are used in anesthesia to understand the various physiologic, pharmacological and physical processes that occur during anesthesia. Indeed, many different types of models that comply with our definition can be distinguished. Early models consisted of electrical models of the arterial blood dynamics and cardiovascular system. Physical models of drug uptake and distribution have been developed to explain the kinetics of volatile anesthetics in the body. The goal of this paper is to introduce the reader to some of the types of models that have been used to facilitate education and research in anesthesia. These examples will elucidate the steps involved in developing a model and the various types of models that have been proven useful

[1]  J. Mead,et al.  Mechanical factors in distribution of pulmonary ventilation. , 1956, Journal of applied physiology.

[2]  J R Jansen,et al.  Computation of aortic flow from pressure in humans using a nonlinear, three-element model. , 1993, Journal of applied physiology.

[3]  S L Shafer,et al.  A comparison of spectral edge, delta power, and bispectral index as EEG measures of alfentanil, propofol, and midazolam drug effect , 1997, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[4]  James C. Scott,et al.  Electroencephalographic quantitation of opioid effect: comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and sufentanil. , 1991, Anesthesiology.

[5]  S. Shafer,et al.  The Influence of Method of Administration and Covariates on the Pharmacokinetics of Propofol in Adult Volunteers , 1998, Anesthesiology.

[6]  D R Stanski,et al.  Population pharmacokinetics of alfentanil: the average dose-plasma concentration relationship and interindividual variability in patients. , 1987, Anesthesiology.

[7]  I. Rampil,et al.  Prognostic Value of Computerized EEG Analysis during Carotid Endarterectomy , 1983, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[8]  V C Rideout,et al.  The use of multiple models in cardiovascular system studies: transport and perturbation methods. , 1968, IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering.

[9]  Jan E.W. Beneken,et al.  Chapter 6 – Some Computer Models in Cardiovascular Research , 1972 .

[10]  P. Blain,et al.  Steady-state Pharmacokinetics of Phenytoin from Routinely Collected Patient Data , 1983, Clinical pharmacokinetics.

[11]  Thomas W. Schnider,et al.  Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. I. Model development , 1997 .

[12]  I J Rampil,et al.  The Electroencephalogram Does Not Predict Depth of Isoflurane Anesthesia , 1994, Anesthesiology.

[13]  N. T. Smith,et al.  A Multicenter Study of Bispectral Electroencephalogram Analysis for Monitoring Anesthetic Effect , 1997, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[14]  H. C. Burger,et al.  Physical basis of ballistocardiography. III. , 1956, American heart journal.

[15]  L B Sheiner,et al.  Computer-aided long-term anticoagulation therapy. , 1969, Computers and biomedical research, an international journal.

[16]  S. Lampotang,et al.  Capnography and the bain circuit II: Validation of a computer model , 1987, Journal of Clinical Monitoring.

[17]  D R Stanski,et al.  EEG quantitation of narcotic effect: the comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. , 1985, Anesthesiology.

[18]  P. Loughlin,et al.  An oil-based model of inhalation anesthetic uptake and elimination. , 1989, Anesthesiology.

[19]  James C. Scott,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl administered by computer-controlled infusion pump. , 1990, Anesthesiology.

[20]  N. T. Smith,et al.  Multiple model approach to uptake and distribution of halothane: the use of an analog computer. , 1972, Computers and biomedical research, an international journal.

[21]  Lewis B. Sheiner,et al.  Estimation of population characteristics of pharmacokinetic parameters from routine clinical data , 1977, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics.

[22]  Louis C. Sheppard,et al.  Computer-Assisted Continuous Infusion of the Intravenous Analgesic Fentanyl During General Anesthesia-An Interactive System , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[23]  M. White,et al.  Assessment of the value and pattern of use of a target controlled propofol infusion system , 1993, International journal of clinical monitoring and computing.

[24]  Lewis B. Sheiner,et al.  Simultaneous modeling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: Application to d‐tubocurarine , 1979 .

[25]  Peter S. Sebel,et al.  Bispectral Analysis Measures Sedation and Memory Effects of Propofol, Midazolam, Isoflurane, and Alfentanil in Healthy Volunteers , 1997, Anesthesiology.

[26]  A FAULCONER,et al.  CORRELATION OF CONCENTRATIONS OF ETHER IN ARTERIAL BLOOD WITH ELECTRO–ENCEPHALOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OCCURRING DURING ETHER–OXYGEN AND DURING NITROUS OXIDE, OXYGEN AND ETHER ANESTHESIA OF HUMAN SURGICAL PATIENTS , 1952, Anesthesiology.

[27]  W. White,et al.  Aging Increases Pharmacodynamic Sensitivity to the Hypnotic Effects of Midazolam , 1995, Anesthesia and analgesia.