HIV viral load as an independent risk factor for tuberculosis in South Africa: collaborative analysis of cohort studies

Introduction: Chronic immune activation due to ongoing HIV replication may lead to impaired immune responses against opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis (TB). We studied the role of HIV replication as a risk factor for incident TB after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART).

[1]  M. Lindegren,et al.  Implementation of Tuberculosis Intensive Case Finding, Isoniazid Preventive Therapy, and Infection Control ("Three I's") and HIV-Tuberculosis Service Integration in Lower Income Countries , 2016, PloS one.

[2]  H. Lane,et al.  Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Early Asymptomatic HIV Infection. , 2015, The New England journal of medicine.

[3]  N. Shang,et al.  Tuberculosis incidence after 36 months’ isoniazid prophylaxis in HIV-infected adults in Botswana: a posttrial observational analysis , 2015, AIDS.

[4]  G. Maartens,et al.  Isoniazid plus antiretroviral therapy to prevent tuberculosis: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial , 2014, The Lancet.

[5]  K. Anastos,et al.  Tuberculosis in Antiretroviral Treatment Programs in Lower Income Countries: Availability and Use of Diagnostics and Screening , 2013, PloS one.

[6]  M. Zwahlen,et al.  Tuberculosis and the risk of opportunistic infections and cancers in HIV‐infected patients starting ART in Southern Africa , 2013, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[7]  C. Morrison,et al.  Risk of tuberculosis following HIV seroconversion in high-income countries , 2012, Thorax.

[8]  Kara Wools-Kaloustian,et al.  Cohort Profile: the international epidemiological databases to evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) in sub-Saharan Africa. , 2012, International journal of epidemiology.

[9]  Gary King,et al.  Amelia II: A Program for Missing Data , 2011 .

[10]  Shabir A Madhi,et al.  Primary isoniazid prophylaxis against tuberculosis in HIV-exposed children. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  K. Castro,et al.  6-month versus 36-month isoniazid preventive treatment for tuberculosis in adults with HIV infection in Botswana: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial , 2011, The Lancet.

[12]  Susan Moir,et al.  Pathogenic mechanisms of HIV disease. , 2011, Annual review of pathology.

[13]  A. Mocroft,et al.  Is it safe to discontinue primary Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis in patients with virologically suppressed HIV infection and a CD4 cell count <200 cells/microL? , 2010, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[14]  G. King,et al.  What to Do about Missing Values in Time‐Series Cross‐Section Data , 2010 .

[15]  R. Chaisson,et al.  Isoniazid preventive therapy, HAART and tuberculosis risk in HIV-infected adults in South Africa: a prospective cohort , 2009, AIDS.

[16]  M. Cavassini,et al.  Immunogenicity and safety of yellow fever vaccination for 102 HIV-infected patients. , 2009, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[17]  J. Sterne,et al.  Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and high-income countries , 2006, The Lancet.

[18]  J. Sterne,et al.  Incidence of Tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[19]  R. Walensky,et al.  Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[20]  R. Wood,et al.  Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa: a cohort study , 2002, The Lancet.

[21]  R. Haubrich,et al.  Predictive value of HIV-1 viral load on risk for opportunistic infection. , 2002, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[22]  R. Hayes,et al.  Morbidity and mortality in South African gold miners: impact of untreated disease due to human immunodeficiency virus. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[23]  Jeffrey L. Jones,et al.  Viral load as an independent risk factor for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents , 2001, AIDS.

[24]  A. Telenti,et al.  Clinical progression and virological failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 patients: a prospective cohort study , 1999, The Lancet.

[25]  D. Rubin.  Multiple Imputation After 18+ Years , 1996 .

[26]  R. Chaisson,et al.  Natural History of Opportunistic Disease in an HIV-Infected Urban Clinical Cohort , 1996, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[27]  W. El-Sadr,et al.  From START to finish: implications of the START study. , 2016, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[28]  Kumesha Naidoo.  Pre-eclampsia: the outcome of term pregnancies at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital , 2015 .

[29]  C. Finch.  Red Cross Children's Hospital , 2011 .