Ecological aspects of spatial orientation

Despite the immense body of literature concerning animal orientation, little previ­ ous effort has been made to prepare a comprehensive discussion and unified theory of orientation ecology, the subdiscipline at the interface between ecology and ethology. Much of the existing orientation literature is widely dispersed, found partially in explicit studies on orientation and partially in countless publications about life histories. In this review, in order to organize this hidden scientific treasure and to facilitate access to it, the concept of orientation ecology is defined, then the subdiscipline is naturally divided into six categories. Finally, within these categories, predictive generalizations or rules, based on induction, deduction, and intuition are formulated. All these rules and principles are preceded by consecutive bold numbers in square brackets to facilitate recognition.

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