Global and regional functional assessment of ischemic heart disease with cardiac MR imaging.

Cardiac MR imaging (CMR) combines assessment of myocardial function and tissue characterization, and is therefore ideally suited to evaluating patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). This article discusses evaluation of left ventricular global function at CMR, reviewing the literature supporting global parameters in risk stratification and assessment of treatment response in IHD. Techniques for assessment of regional myocardial function are reviewed, and normal myocardial motion and fiber arrangement discussed. Despite barriers to clinical adoption, integration of this assessment into clinical routine should improve the ability to detect functional consequences of early myocardial structural alterations in patients with IHD.

[1]  W J Manning,et al.  Importance of imaging method over imaging modality in noninvasive determination of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: assessment by two- and three-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. , 2000, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[2]  Douglas L Packer,et al.  Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[3]  M. Gutberlet,et al.  Influence of high magnetic field strengths and parallel acquisition strategies on image quality in cardiac 2D CINE magnetic resonance imaging: comparison of 1.5 T vs. 3.0 T , 2005, European Radiology.

[4]  A E Becker,et al.  Left ventricular fibre architecture in man. , 1981, British heart journal.

[5]  O. Simonetti,et al.  Cine MR angiography of the heart with segmented true fast imaging with steady-state precession. , 2001, Radiology.

[6]  L. Axel,et al.  MR imaging of motion with spatial modulation of magnetization. , 1989, Radiology.

[7]  Robert Fleck,et al.  Comparison of magnetic resonance feature tracking for strain calculation with harmonic phase imaging analysis. , 2010, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[8]  K. Lee,et al.  A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[9]  Bob S. Hu,et al.  Rapid evaluation of left ventricular volume and mass without breath-holding using real-time interactive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging system. , 2001, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[10]  John L Sapp,et al.  Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  P. Kellman,et al.  Improved cine displacement‐encoded MRI using balanced steady‐state free precession and time‐adaptive sensitivity encoding parallel imaging at 3 T , 2007, NMR in biomedicine.

[12]  Mark A Hlatky,et al.  2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. , 2013, Circulation.

[13]  D. DeMets,et al.  Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[14]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. , 2014, Circulation.

[15]  Jerry L Prince,et al.  Imaging longitudinal cardiac strain on short‐axis images using strain‐encoded MRI , 2001, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[16]  Michael Jerosch-Herold,et al.  Quantitative assessment of regional myocardial function with MR-tagging in a multi-center study: interobserver and intraobserver agreement of fast strain analysis with Harmonic Phase (HARP) MRI. , 2005, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[17]  N. Osman,et al.  Strain-encoded CMR for the detection of inducible ischemia during intermediate stress. , 2010, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[18]  Jeffrey L. Anderson,et al.  Cardiac magnetic resonance versus transthoracic echocardiography for the assessment of cardiac volumes and regional function after myocardial infarction: an intrasubject comparison using simultaneous intrasubject recordings , 2009, Cardiovascular ultrasound.

[19]  Andrew E Arai,et al.  DENSE with SENSE. , 2005, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[20]  Michael Markl,et al.  Measurement of left ventricular velocities: phase contrast MRI velocity mapping versus tissue-doppler-ultrasound in healthy volunteers. , 2004, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[21]  Alistair A Young,et al.  Three-dimensional assessment of left ventricular systolic strain in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diastolic dysfunction, and normal ejection fraction. , 2004, The American journal of cardiology.

[22]  Dudley J Pennell,et al.  Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. , 2002, The American journal of cardiology.

[23]  N Engl,et al.  Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. , 1997, Circulation.

[24]  Nuno Bettencourt,et al.  Cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial feature tracking for quantitative viability assessment in ischemic cardiomyopathy. , 2013, International journal of cardiology.

[25]  D J Pennell,et al.  Establishment and performance of a magnetic resonance cardiac function clinic. , 2000, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[26]  S. Abbara.  Atrial and ventricular functional and structural adaptations of the heart in elite triathletes assessed with cardiac MR imaging , 2011 .

[27]  N. Osman,et al.  Strain-Encoded Cardiac MRI as an Adjunct for Dobutamine Stress Testing: Incremental Value to Conventional Wall Motion Analysis , 2009, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[28]  N. Osman,et al.  Strain‐encoded (SENC) magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate regional heterogeneity of myocardial strain in healthy volunteers: Comparison with conventional tagging , 2009, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[29]  M. Heymans,et al.  Feature tracking compared with tissue tagging measurements of segmental strain by cardiovascular magnetic resonance , 2014, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[30]  B. Cowan,et al.  Evaluation of left ventricular torsion by cardiovascular magnetic resonance , 2012, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[31]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Relation between regional and global systolic function in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy after β-Blocker therapy or revascularization , 2010, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[32]  S. Maier,et al.  Improved myocardial tagging contrast , 1993, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[33]  R. Mohiaddin,et al.  Regional myocardial velocity imaged by magnetic resonance in patients with ischaemic heart disease. , 1994, British heart journal.

[34]  H. Shirato,et al.  Identification and further differentiation of subendocardial and transmural myocardial infarction by fast strain-encoded (SENC) magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 Tesla , 2011, European Radiology.

[35]  K. Golba,et al.  Statistical agreement of left ventricle measurements using cardiac magnetic resonance and 2D echocardiography in ischemic heart failure , 2012, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[36]  P. Rautaharju,et al.  Stress distribution within the left ventricular wall approximated as a thick ellipsoidal shell. , 1968, American heart journal.

[37]  C Thomsen,et al.  Assessment of left ventricular volumes by magnetic resonance in comparison with radionuclide angiography, contrast angiography and echocardiography. , 1992, European heart journal.

[38]  D. Firmin,et al.  Magnetic resonance assessment of aortic and mitral regurgitation. , 1986, British heart journal.

[39]  Leon Axel,et al.  Global cardiac function using fast breath‐hold MRI: Validation of new acquisition and analysis techniques , 1997, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[40]  Jerry L Prince,et al.  Cardiac motion tracking using CINE harmonic phase (HARP) magnetic resonance imaging , 1999, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[41]  F. Epstein.  MRI of left ventricular function , 2007, Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology.

[42]  A. Folsom,et al.  Lower Myocardial Perfusion Reserve Is Associated With Decreased Regional Left Ventricular Function in Asymptomatic Participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis , 2006, Circulation.

[43]  Jürgen Hennig,et al.  Cardiac Phase Contrast Gradient Echo MRI: Characterization of Abnormal Left Ventricular Wall Motion in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease , 2001, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[44]  B. Gerber,et al.  Assessment of left ventricular mass and volumes by three-dimensional echocardiography in patients with or without wall motion abnormalities: comparison against cine magnetic resonance imaging , 2007, Heart.

[45]  G. Pedrizzetti,et al.  Assessment of Myocardial Contractile Function Using Global and Segmental Circumferential Strain following Intracoronary Stem Cell Infusion after Myocardial Infarction: MRI Feature Tracking Feasibility Study , 2012, ISRN radiology.

[46]  Jennifer Keegan,et al.  MR assessment of regional myocardial mechanics , 2013, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[47]  Wojciech Zareba,et al.  Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[48]  Xin Yu,et al.  Strain and torsion quantification in mouse hearts under dobutamine stimulation using 2D multiphase MR DENSE , 2010, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[49]  D. Woodrow Benson,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Derived Myocardial Strain Assessment Using Feature Tracking , 2011, Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE.

[50]  Srilakshmi M. Adhyapak,et al.  Architecture of the left ventricle: insights for optimal surgical ventricular restoration , 2009, Heart Failure Reviews.

[51]  T. Geva,et al.  Interstudy variability in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measurements of ventricular volume, mass, and ejection fraction in repaired tetralogy of fallot: A prospective observational study , 2013, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[52]  R. Herfkens,et al.  Cardiac imaging using gated magnetic resonance. , 1984, Radiology.

[53]  Sheng-Kwei Song,et al.  Regional ventricular wall thickening reflects changes in cardiac fiber and sheet structure during contraction: quantification with diffusion tensor MRI. , 2005, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[54]  Shihua Zhao,et al.  Evaluation of Left and Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Volumes from Gated Blood-Pool SPECT in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Comparison with Cardiac MRI , 2012, The Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[55]  E. McVeigh,et al.  Three-dimensional systolic strain patterns in the normal human left ventricle: characterization with tagged MR imaging. , 2000, Radiology.

[56]  D J Pennell,et al.  Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance; are they interchangeable? , 2000, European heart journal.

[57]  Wojciech Zareba,et al.  Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[58]  Nael F Osman,et al.  Myocardial tissue tagging with cardiovascular magnetic resonance , 2009, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[59]  B. Cowan,et al.  Impaired subendocardial contractile myofiber function in asymptomatic aged humans, as detected using MRI. , 2006, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[60]  E. Sallin.  Fiber orientation and ejection fraction in the human left ventricle. , 1969, Biophysical journal.

[61]  Albert C van Rossum,et al.  Three-dimensional myocardial strains at end-systole and during diastole in the left ventricle of normal humans. , 2002, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[62]  Kwame S. Kutten,et al.  Adaptive postprocessing techniques for myocardial tissue tracking with displacement-encoded MR imaging. , 2008, Radiology.

[63]  Michael Markl,et al.  Cardiac phase contrast gradient echo MRI: measurement of myocardial wall motion in healthy volunteers and patients , 1999, The International Journal of Cardiac Imaging.