Energy efficient multi-hop polling in clusters of two-layered heterogeneous sensor networks

In this paper we study two-layered heterogeneous sensor networks where two types of nodes are deployed in the network: basic sensor nodes and cluster head nodes. Basic sensor nodes are simple and inexpensive, while cluster head nodes are much powerful and much richer in energy. A cluster head node organizes the basic sensor nodes around it into a cluster. A basic sensor node does data collections and sends the data packets when polled by the cluster head. By introducing hierarchy, such a two-layered heterogeneous sensor network has better scalability than homogeneous sensor networks. It also has a smaller overall cost since networking functionalities are shifted from sensors to the cluster head. It also has a longer life time, as sensors send packets only when polled by the cluster head and less energy is consumed in collisions and idle listening. This type of network will be ideally suited for applications such as environmental monitoring. In this paper, we focus on finding energy efficient and collision-free polling schedules in the multi-hop cluster. To reduce energy consumption in idle listening, a schedule is optimal if it uses minimum time. We show that the problem of finding an optimal schedule is NP-hard, and then give a fast on-line algorithm. We also consider dividing a cluster into sectors to further reduce the idle listening time of sensors. We conducted simulations on the NS-2 simulator, and the results show that our polling scheme can reduce the active time of sensors by a significant amount while sustaining 100% throughput.

[1]  Mani Srivastava,et al.  Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks , 2002, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[2]  David Tse,et al.  Fundamentals of Wireless Communication , 2005 .

[3]  Ossama Younis,et al.  Distributed clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks: a hybrid, energy-efficient approach , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[4]  David E. Culler,et al.  A transmission control scheme for media access in sensor networks , 2001, MobiCom '01.

[5]  Robert Morris,et al.  Link-level measurements from an 802.11b mesh network , 2004, SIGCOMM 2004.

[6]  Ravi Prakash,et al.  Max-min d-cluster formation in wireless ad hoc networks , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[7]  Xiaoyan Hong,et al.  Load balanced, energy-aware communications for Mars sensor networks , 2002, Proceedings, IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[8]  Leandros Tassiulas,et al.  Energy conserving routing in wireless ad-hoc networks , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[9]  Ying-Dar Lin,et al.  Multihop cellular: a new architecture for wireless communications , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[10]  Yuanyuan Yang,et al.  SenCar: An Energy-Efficient Data Gathering Mechanism for Large-Scale Multihop Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE Trans. Parallel Distributed Syst..

[11]  Panganamala Ramana Kumar,et al.  RHEINISCH-WESTFÄLISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE AACHEN , 2001 .

[12]  Weifa Liang,et al.  Online Data Gathering for Maximizing Network Lifetime in Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[13]  Sheng Liu,et al.  Techniques for minimizing power consumption in low data-rate wireless sensor networks , 2004, 2004 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8733).

[14]  D. West.  Introduction to Graph Theory , 1995 .

[15]  Paolo Santi,et al.  Investigating upper bounds on network lifetime extension for cell-based energy conservation techniques in stationary ad hoc networks , 2002, MobiCom '02.

[16]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks , 2000, MobiCom '00.

[17]  Haiyun Luo,et al.  A two-tier data dissemination model for large-scale wireless sensor networks , 2002, MobiCom '02.

[18]  Sanjay Jha,et al.  A Communication Paradigm for Hybrid Sensor/Actuator Networks* , 2004, 2004 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8754).

[19]  Vikas Kawadia,et al.  Power control and clustering in ad hoc networks , 2003, IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37428).

[20]  Andrej Bogdanov,et al.  Power-aware base station positioning for sensor networks , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[21]  Viktor K. Prasanna,et al.  Energy-latency tradeoffs for data gathering in wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[22]  Suresh Singh,et al.  Exploiting heterogeneity in sensor networks , 2005, Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies..

[23]  Lui Sha,et al.  Dynamic Clustering for Acoustic Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2004, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput..

[24]  Anantha Chandrakasan,et al.  Bounding the lifetime of sensor networks via optimal role assignments , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

[25]  Edward J. Coyle,et al.  An energy efficient hierarchical clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks , 2003, IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37428).

[26]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

[27]  Samir Khuller,et al.  A clustering scheme for hierarchical control in multi-hop wireless networks , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).

[28]  Catherine Rosenberg,et al.  A minimum cost heterogeneous sensor network with a lifetime constraint , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[29]  Massimo Franceschetti,et al.  Lower bounds on data collection time in sensory networks , 2004, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[30]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing , 2001, MobiCom '01.

[31]  Prashant J. Shenoy,et al.  Scheduling messages with deadlines in multi-hop real-time sensor networks , 2005, 11th IEEE Real Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium.

[32]  Amitava Datta,et al.  Energy-Efficient Communication Protocols for Wireless Networks , 2003, ICOIN.

[33]  Kannan Ramchandran,et al.  A distributed and adaptive signal processing approach to reducing energy consumption in sensor networks , 2003, IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37428).

[34]  Yuanyuan Yang,et al.  Adaptive Triangular Deployment Algorithm for Unattended Mobile Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE Trans. Computers.