The future of emergency care in the United States health system.

This free executive summary is provided by the National Academies as part of our mission to educate the world on issues of science, engineering, and health. If you are interested in reading the full book, please visit us online at http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11655.html . You may browse and search the full, authoritative version for free; you may also purchase a print or electronic version of the book. If you have questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, please contact our customer service department toll-free at 888-624-8373.

[1]  C. Newgard,et al.  The paradox of human subjects protection in research: some thoughts on and experiences with the Federalwide Assurance Program. , 2002, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[2]  Craig B Key,et al.  Operational issues in EMS. , 2002, Emergency medicine clinics of North America.

[3]  L. McCaig,et al.  Analysis of ambulance transports and diversions among US emergency departments. , 2006, Annals of emergency medicine.

[4]  R. Brennan,et al.  Video self-instruction for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2000, Annals of emergency medicine.

[5]  Henry E. Wang,et al.  Multivariate predictors of failed prehospital endotracheal intubation. , 2003, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[6]  C. Schur,et al.  Perspectives of rural hospitals on bioterrorism preparedness planning. , 2004, Policy analysis brief. W series.

[7]  Herbert G Garrison,et al.  Keeping rescuers safe. , 2002, Annals of emergency medicine.

[8]  Alastair Baker,et al.  Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[9]  V. Mosesso,et al.  Using the exception from informed consent regulations in research. , 2005, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[10]  Daniel A Pollock,et al.  Data Elements for Emergency Department Systems, Release 1.0 (DEEDS): A Summary Report. , 1998, Annals of emergency medicine.

[11]  M. Decker,et al.  The development of indicators. , 1991, Infection control and hospital epidemiology.

[12]  J. Clarke,et al.  Medicine , 1907, Bristol medico-chirurgical journal.

[13]  D. Wheeler,et al.  Emergency Medical Services for Children , 2009 .

[14]  R. Martinez,et al.  New vision for the role of emergency medical services. , 1998, Annals of emergency medicine.

[15]  David R. Miller,et al.  Emergency Medical Services Outcomes Project III (EMSOP III): the role of risk adjustment in out-of-hospital outcomes research. , 2002, Annals of emergency medicine.

[16]  M. Woollard,et al.  Limited benefits of ambulance telemetry in delivering early thrombolysis: a randomised controlled trial , 2005, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[17]  N. Mann,et al.  Population-based research assessing the effectiveness of trauma systems. , 1999, The Journal of trauma.

[18]  T. Esposito,et al.  Analysis of preventable trauma deaths and inappropriate trauma care in a rural state. , 1995, The Journal of trauma.

[19]  Kennerly H. Digges,et al.  REDUCING HIGHWAY DEATHS AND DISABILITIES WITH AUTOMATIC WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF SERIOUS INJURY PROBABILITY RATINGS FROM VEHICLES IN CRASHES TO EMS , 2003 .

[20]  J. Falk,et al.  Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. , 2001, Annals of emergency medicine.

[21]  P. Pepe,et al.  Ensuring the effectiveness of community-wide emergency cardiac care. , 1993, Annals of emergency medicine.

[22]  H. Zinnecker,et al.  Effect of helicopter transport of trauma victims on survival in an urban trauma center. , 1987, The Journal of trauma.

[23]  Jean-Claude Thill,et al.  Assessment of air medical coverage using the Atlas and Database of Air Medical Services and correlations with reduced highway fatality rates. , 2005, Air medical journal.

[24]  J E Svenson,et al.  Factors associated with the higher traumatic death rate among rural children. , 1996, Annals of emergency medicine.

[25]  S. Cimbanassi,et al.  Organized trauma care: does volume matter and do trauma centers save lives? , 2003, Current opinion in critical care.

[26]  Geoff Scott,et al.  A safety review and risk assessment in air medical transport , 2002 .

[27]  Katherine L Hunting,et al.  Occupational Injuries among Emergency Medical Services Personnel , 2005, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[28]  Henry E. Wang,et al.  Out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation and outcome after traumatic brain injury. , 2004, Annals of emergency medicine.

[29]  D. Pollock,et al.  Barriers to health care access: what counts and who's counting? , 2001, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[30]  Keith Wesley,et al.  Prehospital pain management. , 2003, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[31]  A. Hallstrom,et al.  Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. , 1993, Annals of emergency medicine.

[32]  Arthur L. Kellermann,et al.  Prehospital trauma care systems , 2005 .

[33]  L. Brown,et al.  Does Ambulance Crew Size Affect On-Scene Time or Number of Prehospital Interventions? , 1996, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine.

[34]  Kenneth W. Williams,et al.  National EMS Research Agenda. , 2002, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[35]  K. Losavio,et al.  2005 JEMS Platinum Resource Guide. , 2005, JEMS : a journal of emergency medical services.

[36]  K. Losavio,et al.  The Chaos of Katrina: EMS maintains composure in the midst of anarchy. , 2005, JEMS : a journal of emergency medical services.

[37]  Chapter 14 – Pediatric Transport: Shifting the Paradigm to Improve Patient Outcome , 2006 .

[38]  J. Seidel,et al.  Out-of-hospital care of pediatric patients. , 1999, Pediatric clinics of North America.

[39]  David R. Miller,et al.  Emergency medical services outcomes project I (EMSOP I): prioritizing conditions for outcomes research. , 1999, Annals of emergency medicine.

[40]  F. Turégano-Fuentes,et al.  11 March 2004: The terrorist bomb explosions in Madrid, Spain – an analysis of the logistics, injuries sustained and clinical management of casualties treated at the closest hospital , 2004, Critical care.

[41]  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) notes. Trauma system agenda for the future. , 2003, Annals of emergency medicine.

[42]  E J MacKenzie,et al.  Review of evidence regarding trauma system effectiveness resulting from panel studies. , 1999, The Journal of trauma.

[43]  David R. Miller,et al.  EMS Agenda for the Future: Where We Are … Where We Want to Be. , 1998, Annals of emergency medicine.

[44]  J. Jui,et al.  Job satisfaction of paramedics: the effects of gender and type of agency of employment. , 1993, Annals of emergency medicine.

[45]  M. Gausche-Hill,et al.  Pediatric continuing education for out-of-hospital providers: is it time to mandate review of pediatric knowledge and skills? , 2000, Annals of emergency medicine.

[46]  H. Pachter,et al.  Two New York City hospitals' surgical response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack in New York City. , 2003, The Journal of trauma.

[47]  Naomi S. Bardach,et al.  Regionalization of Treatment for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Cost-Utility Analysis , 2004, Circulation.

[48]  Marc D Greenwood.  Weighty matters: transporting obese patients. , 2004, Emergency medical services.

[49]  R. Mullins.  A historical perspective of trauma system development in the United States. , 1999, The Journal of trauma.

[50]  Ambulance crash-related injuries among Emergency Medical Services workers--United States, 1991-2002. , 2003, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[51]  W. Galston.  Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community , 2001 .

[52]  J. Seidel,et al.  Pediatric deaths and emergency medical services (EMS) in urban and rural areas , 1989, Pediatric emergency care.

[53]  David B Hoyt,et al.  The effect of paramedic rapid sequence intubation on outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. , 2003, The Journal of trauma.

[54]  Atul Dhingra,et al.  Cardiac arrest survival as a function of ambulance deployment strategy in a large urban emergency medical services system. , 2003, Resuscitation.

[55]  M. Sayre,et al.  Field trial of endotracheal intubation by basic EMTs. , 1998, Annals of emergency medicine.

[56]  C. A. Wright.  A National Evaluation of the Effect of Trauma-center Care on Mortality , 2006 .

[57]  M. Eisenberg,et al.  The impact of television public service announcements on the rate of bystander CPR. , 1999, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[58]  A. Caplan,et al.  Informed consent for emergency research. , 1995, JAMA.

[59]  Dave Williams,et al.  2004 JEMS 200-city survey. , 2005, JEMS : a journal of emergency medical services.

[60]  Julie A. Pavlin,et al.  Syndromic Surveillance , 2004, Emerging infectious diseases.

[61]  Kim Dokken,et al.  Effectiveness of State Trauma Systems in Reducing Injury-Related Mortality: A National Evaluation , 2000 .

[62]  S J Stratton,et al.  Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. , 2000, JAMA.

[63]  David R. Miller,et al.  Risk adjustment and outcome measures for out-of-hospital respiratory distress. , 2004, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[64]  E. Lerner,et al.  The Golden Hour : Scientific Fact or Medical ‘ ‘ Urban Legend ’ ’ ? , 2001 .

[65]  G. Pesola,et al.  Emergency preparedness: the World Trade Center and Singapore airline disasters. , 2002, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[66]  C. Callaway,et al.  Surrogate consent by family members for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest research. , 2001, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[67]  E. Noji,et al.  Disaster medicine: challenges for today. , 1994, Annals of emergency medicine.

[68]  Daniel O Scharfstein,et al.  A national evaluation of the effect of trauma-center care on mortality. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[69]  M. Gratton,et al.  Prospective determination of medical necessity for ambulance transport by paramedics. , 2003, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[70]  R. Rutledge,et al.  A comparison of the association of helicopter and ground ambulance transport with the outcome of injury in trauma patients transported from the scene. , 1997, The Journal of trauma.

[71]  David R. Miller,et al.  Emergency Medical Services Outcomes Project (EMSOP) IV: pain measurement in out-of-hospital outcomes research. , 2002, Annals of emergency medicine.

[72]  L. Dummit.  Specialty hospitals: can general hospitals compete? , 2005, Issue brief.

[73]  Charles C Branas,et al.  No time to spare: improving access to trauma care. , 2005, LDI issue brief.

[74]  E. Mackenzie,et al.  Access to trauma centers in the United States. , 2005, JAMA.

[75]  K. Neely,et al.  Do emergency medical services dispatch nature and severity codes agree with paramedic field findings? , 2000, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[76]  Delivery Systems,et al.  Fostering Rapid Advances in Health Care: Learning from System Demonstrations , 2002 .

[77]  T. Osler,et al.  The relation between trauma center outcome and volume in the National Trauma Databank. , 2004, The Journal of trauma.

[78]  F. Manning,et al.  NIH Extramural Center Programs: Criteria for Initiation and Evaluation , 2004 .

[79]  C N Mock,et al.  Systematic review of published evidence regarding trauma system effectiveness. , 1999, The Journal of trauma.

[80]  Jean C. O'Connor,et al.  Simple CPR: A randomized, controlled trial of video self-instructional cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in an African American church congregation. , 1999, Annals of emergency medicine.

[81]  C. Cannon.  Advances in the Medical Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes , 1998, Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis.

[82]  R. Moscati.  Protection of Human Subjects in Prehospital Research , 2002, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[83]  D. Spaite,et al.  Emergency medical service systems research: problems of the past, challenges of the future. , 1995, Annals of emergency medicine.

[84]  Helen Snooks,et al.  NHS emergency response to 999 calls: alternatives for cases that are neither life threatening nor serious , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[85]  I. Stiell,et al.  Advanced cardiac life support in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[86]  Colleen Buono,et al.  The impact of aeromedical response to patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. , 2005, Annals of emergency medicine.

[87]  J. Probst,et al.  Recruitment and retention of emergency medical technicians: a qualitative study. , 2005, Journal of allied health.

[88]  D. Hanfling.  Emergency Responders: Drastically Underfunded, Dangerously Unprepared , 2003 .

[89]  J F Waeckerle,et al.  Domestic preparedness for events involving weapons of mass destruction. , 2000, JAMA.

[90]  D. Spaite.  Intubation by basic EMTs: lifesaving advance or catastrophic complication? , 1998, Annals of emergency medicine.

[91]  Kobi Peleg,et al.  Blast injuries. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[92]  A. Zaritsky,et al.  Priorities for research in emergency medical services for children: results of a consensus conference. , 1999, Annals of emergency medicine.

[93]  Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival in cardiac arrest. , 2002 .

[94]  Michael Schull,et al.  The development of indicators to measure the quality of clinical care in emergency departments following a modified-delphi approach. , 2002, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[95]  H. Garrison,et al.  Emergency Medical Services Outcomes Research: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Prehospital Care , 2002, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[96]  M. Shuster,et al.  Effect of fire department first-responder automated defibrillation. , 1993, Annals of emergency medicine.

[97]  Norman J Rabkin.  HURRICANE KATRINA: Providing Oversight of the Nation's Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Activities , 2005 .

[98]  C. Mock,et al.  Systematic review of trauma system effectiveness based on registry comparisons. , 1999, The Journal of trauma.

[99]  J. Geyman,et al.  Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a rural area: a 16-year experience with lessons learned and national comparisons. , 1996, Annals of emergency medicine.

[100]  E. Auf der Heide.  The importance of evidence-based disaster planning. , 2006, Annals of emergency medicine.

[101]  A. Nathens,et al.  The relationship between trauma center volume and outcome. , 2001, Advances in surgery.

[102]  P. Maurette,et al.  [To err is human: building a safer health system]. , 2002, Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation.

[103]  T W Whitley,et al.  Is ambulance transport time with lights and siren faster than that without? , 1995, Annals of emergency medicine.

[104]  A. Gawande,et al.  Casualties of war--military care for the wounded from Iraq and Afghanistan. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[105]  J. Rohde.  Disaster epidemiology. , 1975, International journal of epidemiology.

[106]  D K Owens,et al.  Regionalization of bioterrorism preparedness and response. , 2004, Evidence report/technology assessment.

[107]  R. Reynolds-Haertle,et al.  Cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a tale of 29 cities. , 1990, Annals of emergency medicine.

[108]  K. Monosky.  The JEMS 2003 200 city survey. , 2004, JEMS : a journal of emergency medical services.

[109]  F REHBEIN,et al.  [Pediatric surgery]. , 1958, Monatsschrift fur Kinderheilkunde.

[110]  M. Copass,et al.  Clinical research on out-of-hospital emergency care. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[111]  Robert Firth,et al.  Earthquakes , 1923, The Classical Review.

[112]  B. Klein,et al.  Regionalized Pediatric Trauma Systems , 2001 .

[113]  A. Localio,et al.  Cost-effectiveness analysis of helicopter EMS for trauma patients. , 1997, Annals of emergency medicine.

[114]  R. Smith,et al.  Prehospital emergency care , 1996, BMJ.

[115]  L. Chambers,et al.  Initial experience of US Marine Corps forward resuscitative surgical system during Operation Iraqi Freedom. , 2005, Archives of surgery.

[116]  P. Aspden.  Patient Safety: Achieving a New Standard for Care , 2004 .

[117]  M. Lacher,et al.  Lights and siren in pediatric 911 ambulance transports: are they being misused? , 1997, Annals of emergency medicine.

[118]  S P Baker,et al.  Factors associated with pilot error in aviation crashes. , 2001, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[119]  David R. Miller,et al.  Emergency Medical Services Outcomes Project (EMSOP) II: developing the foundation and conceptual models for out-of-hospital outcomes research. , 2001, Annals of emergency medicine.

[120]  C Rayner,et al.  Informed consent. , 2000, British journal of plastic surgery.

[121]  James H Jones,et al.  Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. , 2004, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[122]  Alan Payne,et al.  Bombs under London. The EMS response plan that worked. , 2005, JEMS : a journal of emergency medical services.

[123]  H. Meislin,et al.  Developing a foundation for the evaluation of expanded-scope EMS: a window of opportunity that cannot be ignored. , 1997, Annals of emergency medicine.

[124]  Jean Gayton Carroll,et al.  Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century , 2002 .

[125]  M. Sayre,et al.  National EMS research agenda: proceedings of the implementation symposium. , 2003, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[126]  D. Demetriades,et al.  Prehospital intubation in patients with severe head injury. , 2000, The Journal of trauma.

[127]  Joseph S. Pliskin,et al.  A geographic information system simulation model of EMS: reducing ambulance response time. , 2004, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[128]  Kenneth W. Kizer,et al.  Safe Practices for Better Health Care , 2005 .

[129]  N. Mann,et al.  Confronting the Ethical Conduct of Resuscitation Research: a consensus opinion. , 2005, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[130]  Lindsey A. Greene,et al.  EHP.net: The General Accounting Office , 2000 .

[131]  E. Boersma,et al.  Primary angioplasty versus thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[132]  D. Mayer,et al.  Emergency medical services. , 2013, Clinical privilege white paper.

[133]  L R Bachman,et al.  AUTOMATED COLLISION NOTIFICATION (ACN) FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST (FOT) EVALUATION REPORT , 2001 .

[134]  Richard Zane,et al.  International EMS systems: The United States: past, present, and future. , 2004, Resuscitation.

[135]  D. Berry,et al.  Monitoring a clinical trial conducted under the Food and Drug Administration regulations allowing a waiver of prospective informed consent: the diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin traumatic hemorrhagic shock efficacy trial. , 2001, Annals of emergency medicine.

[136]  R. Lewis,et al.  An approach to community consultation prior to initiating an emergency research study incorporating a waiver of informed consent. , 1999, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[137]  S. Beyth,et al.  A multicasualty event: out-of-hospital and in-hospital organizational aspects. , 2004, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[138]  A. Idris,et al.  Barriers to dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2003, Annals of emergency medicine.

[139]  H. Smithline,et al.  Mass casualty terrorist bombings: a comparison of outcomes by bombing type. , 2004, Annals of Emergency Medicine.

[140]  L. McCaig,et al.  National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2001 emergency department summary. , 2003 .

[141]  C. Gotschall,et al.  Helicopter transport of injured children: system effectiveness and triage criteria. , 1996, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[142]  R. Dudley,et al.  The Growing Case for Using Physician Incentives to Improve Health Care Quality , 2002 .

[143]  R. Swor,et al.  Bystander CPR, ventricular fibrillation, and survival in witnessed, unmonitored out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 1996, Annals of emergency medicine.

[144]  Sue Hignett,et al.  Reviewing ambulance design for clinical efficiency and paramedic safety. , 2005, Applied ergonomics.

[145]  W. Cordell,et al.  Prehospital oral endotracheal intubation by rural basic emergency medical technicians. , 1998, Annals of emergency medicine.

[146]  C. Schultz,et al.  Implications of hospital evacuation after the Northridge, California, earthquake. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[147]  N. Mann,et al.  Preferential benefit of implementation of a statewide trauma system in one of two adjacent states. , 1997, Journal of Trauma.

[148]  R. Brook,et al.  Regionalization of cardiac surgery in the United States and Canada. Geographic access, choice, and outcomes. , 1995, JAMA.

[149]  Leslie Lenert,et al.  Information technology and emergency medical care during disasters. , 2004, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[150]  A. Sanders,et al.  Supporting emergency medicine research: developing the infrastructure. , 1998, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[151]  G. Larkin,et al.  The perspective of paramedics about on-scene termination of resuscitation efforts for pediatric patients. , 2004, Resuscitation.

[152]  R. Wanerman.  The EMTALA Paradox , 2002 .

[153]  George A. Mensah,et al.  Sudden Cardiac Death in the United States, 1989 to 1998 , 2001, Circulation.

[154]  Veronique de Rugy.  What Does Homeland Security Spending Buy , 2005 .

[155]  D. Gens,et al.  The informed consent process and the use of the exception to informed consent in the clinical trial of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) in severe traumatic hemorrhagic shock. DCLHb Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock study group. , 1999, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[156]  M. Gausche-Hill,et al.  Guidelines for preparedness of emergency departments that care for children: a call to action. , 2001, Annals of emergency medicine.

[157]  Benjamin Littenberg,et al.  Effectiveness of helicopter versus ground ambulance services for interfacility transport. , 1998, The Journal of trauma.

[158]  M. Copass,et al.  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[159]  P. Pepe,et al.  Can first responders be sent to selected 9-1-1 emergency medical services calls without an ambulance? , 2003, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[160]  M. Sayre,et al.  The National EMS Research Strategic Plan , 2005, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[161]  R. Lewis,et al.  Implementing the Food and Drug Administration's final rule for waiver of informed consent in certain emergency research circumstances. , 1999, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[162]  H Brodsky,et al.  Delay in ambulance dispatch to road accidents. , 1992, American journal of public health.

[163]  K. Neely,et al.  Focus on DispatchThe strength of specific EMS dispatcher questions for identifying patients with important clinical field findings , 2000 .

[164]  A. Kellermann,et al.  Impact of first-responder defibrillation in an urban emergency medical services system. , 1993, JAMA.

[165]  R. Califf,et al.  Rationale and strategies for implementing community-based transfer protocols for primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[166]  E. Fee,et al.  Dangerous Illusions: Cautionary Tales In The History Of Medicine , 2005 .

[167]  Stephen Wilson,et al.  Quality through Collaboration: The Future of Rural Health , 2006 .

[168]  A. Isakov.  Souls on board: helicopter emergency medical services and safety. , 2006, Annals of emergency medicine.

[169]  A. Kellermann,et al.  America's emergency care system and severe acute respiratory syndrome , 2003, Annals of Emergency Medicine.

[170]  E. Lerner,et al.  Use of a geographic information system to determine appropriate means of trauma patient transport. , 1999, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[171]  T. Singh,et al.  Outstanding outreach. A prehospital notification system makes a difference for special needs children. , 2001, JEMS : a journal of emergency medical services.

[172]  P. Imperato,et al.  The Effects of Regionalization on Clinical Outcomes for a High Risk Surgical Procedure: A Study of the Whipple Procedure in New York State , 1996, American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality.

[173]  J. Bentz.  The National Response Plan , 2002 .