Approaches to tuberculosis screening and diagnosis in people with HIV in resource-limited settings.

[1]  L. Lynen,et al.  Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in countries with limited resources. , 2006, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[2]  G J Churchyard,et al.  Screening for tuberculosis prior to isoniazid preventive therapy among HIV-infected gold miners in South Africa. , 2006, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[3]  P. van der Stuyft,et al.  Accuracy of routine diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in an area of high HIV prevalence. , 2004, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[4]  Dermot Maher,et al.  International standards for tuberculosis care. , 2006, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[5]  R. Chaisson,et al.  Tuberculin skin test reactivity among adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus. , 1992, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[6]  V. Jarlier,et al.  Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube Versus the Proportion Method on Löwenstein-Jensen Medium for Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis , 2000, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[7]  O. Ferreira,et al.  Tuberculosis and HIV infection among female inmates in São Paulo, Brazil: a prospective cohort study. , 1996, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association.

[8]  P. Glaziou,et al.  Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among HIV-infected persons in a home care program in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. , 2002, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[9]  L. Cuevas,et al.  How many sputum smears are necessary for case finding in pulmonary tuberculosis? , 2003, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[10]  R. Klein,et al.  A prospective study of tuberculosis and HIV disease progression. , 1998, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association.

[11]  A. Harries,et al.  High early death rate in tuberculosis patients in Malawi. , 2001, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[12]  L. Lindquist,et al.  Sputum concentration improves diagnosis of tuberculosis in a setting with a high prevalence of HIV. , 2000, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[13]  A. Harries,et al.  Tuberculosis case fatality rates in high HIV prevalence populations in sub-Saharan Africa , 2001, AIDS.

[14]  C. Whitty,et al.  'Smear-negative' pulmonary tuberculosis in a DOTS programme: poor outcomes in an area of high HIV seroprevalence. , 2001, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[15]  M. Gismondo,et al.  Multicenter Comparison of ESP Culture System II with BACTEC 460TB and with Lowenstein-Jensen Medium for Recovery of Mycobacteria from Different Clinical Specimens, Including Blood , 1998, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[16]  A. Kumari,et al.  Efficacy of fluorochrome stain in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis co-infected with HIV. , 2005, Indian journal of medical microbiology.

[17]  C. Dye,et al.  Towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support: the role of tuberculosis/HIV collaboration. , 2006, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[18]  I. Bastian,et al.  Evaluation of Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube for Direct and Indirect Drug Susceptibility Testing ofMycobacterium tuberculosis from Respiratory Specimens in a Siberian Prison Hospital , 2001, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[19]  J. Nyboe.  Evaluation of efficiency in interpretation of chest x-ray films. , 1966, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[20]  H. Rubinson,et al.  The radiographic appearance of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS. , 1985, The American review of respiratory disease.

[21]  L. Tamási,et al.  Comparison of Recoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using the Automated BACTEC MGIT 960 System, the BACTEC 460 TB System, and Löwenstein-Jensen Medium , 2000, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[22]  G. Ippolito,et al.  Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Patients Presenting with Normal Chest Radiograph and Negative Sputum Smear , 2002, Infection.

[23]  J. Pedro-Botet,et al.  Pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐infected patients with normal chest radiographs , 1992, AIDS.

[24]  Valerie L. Ng,et al.  Increased Sensitivity of the BACTEC 460 Mycobacterial Radiometric Broth Culture System Does Not Decrease the Number of Respiratory Specimens Required for a Definitive Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis , 2000, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[25]  G. Maartens,et al.  Screening for tuberculosis in adults with advanced HIV infection prior to preventive therapy. , 2004, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[26]  Glynn,et al.  Comparison of two versus three smears in identifying culture-positive tuberculosis patients in a rural African setting with high HIV prevalence. , 2001, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[27]  Alimuddin Zumla,et al.  Impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis , 2000, Postgraduate medical journal.

[28]  I. Adetifa,et al.  Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV infected persons. , 2010, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[29]  D. Maher,et al.  Screening pulmonary tuberculosis suspects in Malawi: testing different strategies. , 1997, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[30]  Ej Lee,et al.  Value of chest radiography in a tuberculosis prevention programme for HIV-infected people, Botswana , 2003, The Lancet.

[31]  E. Delaporte,et al.  Risk factors for negative sputum acid-fast bacilli smears in pulmonary tuberculosis: results from Dakar, Senegal, a city with low HIV seroprevalence. , 1999, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[32]  D. Enarson,et al.  The yield of acid-fast bacilli from serial smears in routine microscopy laboratories in rural Tanzania. , 1996, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[33]  L. Myer,et al.  Undiagnosed tuberculosis in a community with high HIV prevalence: implications for tuberculosis control. , 2007, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[34]  A. Ramsay,et al.  Bleach sedimentation: an opportunity to optimize smear microscopy for tuberculosis diagnosis in settings of high prevalence of HIV. , 2008, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[35]  S. Balandrano-Campos,et al.  Underestimation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected subjects using reactivity to tuberculin and anergy panel. , 2000, International journal of epidemiology.

[36]  C. Evans,et al.  Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility Assay, a Rapid, Reliable Diagnostic Test for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Suitable for Use in Resource-Poor Settings , 2004, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[37]  K. A. Hale.  Tuberculin skin test. Proper technique and interpretation. , 1985, Postgraduate medicine.

[38]  E. Frimpong,et al.  Evaluation of two novel Ziehl-Neelsen methods for tuberculosis diagnosis. , 2006, West African journal of medicine.

[39]  Paul R Klatser,et al.  A comprehensive comparison of Ziehl-Neelsen and fluorescence microscopy for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in a resource-poor urban setting. , 2003, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[40]  C. Connolly,et al.  Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on mortality among adults with tuberculosis in rural South Africa, 1991-1995. , 1998, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[41]  A. Ramsay,et al.  Same‐day smears in the diagnosis of tuberculosis , 2007, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[42]  J. Porter,et al.  Is cough alone adequate to screen HIV-positive persons for tuberculosis preventive therapy in developing countries? , 1999, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[43]  A. Ramsay,et al.  A one-day method for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in rural Ethiopia. , 2006, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[44]  A. Fleming,et al.  'Improved sensitivity of direct microscopy for detection of acid-fast bacilli in sputum in developing countries. , 1998, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[45]  D. Havlir,et al.  Opportunities and challenges for HIV care in overlapping HIV and TB epidemics. , 2008, JAMA.

[46]  R. Chaisson,et al.  Clinical evaluation of the microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility assay for detection of tuberculosis. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[47]  A. Elliott,et al.  The impact of human immunodeficiency virus on response to treatment and recurrence rate in patients treated for tuberculosis: two-year follow-up of a cohort in Lusaka, Zambia. , 1995, The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[48]  J P Matts,et al.  Variation of chest radiographic patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis by degree of human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA). The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG). , 1997, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[49]  M. Perkins,et al.  Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review. , 2006, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[50]  D. Ridley,et al.  Cape Town, South Africa , 1986, Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU.

[51]  R. Chaisson,et al.  Tuberculosis active case‐finding in a mother‐to‐child HIV transmission prevention programme in Soweto, South Africa , 2003, AIDS.

[52]  T. Frieden,et al.  The relationship between delayed or incomplete treatment and all-cause mortality in patients with tuberculosis. , 1996, JAMA.

[53]  C. F. von Reyn,et al.  High rates of clinical and subclinical tuberculosis among HIV-infected ambulatory subjects in Tanzania. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[54]  S. Vermund,et al.  A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. , 1989, The New England journal of medicine.

[55]  R. Reves,et al.  Review of false-positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and recommendations for avoiding unnecessary treatment. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[56]  C. Whitty,et al.  Mortality rates and recurrent rates of tuberculosis in patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous pleural effusion who have completed treatment. , 2000, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[57]  U. Inserm.  Methods for diagnosing tuberculosis among in-patients in Eastern Africa whose sputum smears are negative , 1998 .

[58]  D. Glenn,et al.  Comparison of a radiometric method (BACTEC) and conventional culture media for recovery of mycobacteria from smear-negative specimens , 1983, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[59]  R. McNerney,et al.  An incremental cost-effectiveness analysis of the first, second and third sputum examination in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. , 2000, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[60]  M. Pai,et al.  Interferon-gamma assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review. , 2004, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[61]  L. Lambert,et al.  Intensified Tuberculosis Case Finding Among HIV-Infected Persons From a Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia , 2009, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[62]  A. Reingold,et al.  Screening for active tuberculosis in HIV testing centre , 1995, The Lancet.

[63]  R. Huebner,et al.  The tuberculin skin test. , 1993, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[64]  J. J. Lee,et al.  Comparative evaluation of the BACTEC MGIT 960 system with solid medium for isolation of mycobacteria. , 2003, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[65]  G H Guyatt,et al.  Isoniazid prophylaxis for tuberculosis in HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 1999, AIDS.

[66]  S. Theobald,et al.  'Lost' smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases: where are they and why did we lose them? , 2005, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[67]  M. Perkins,et al.  Sputum processing methods to improve the sensitivity of smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review. , 2006, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[68]  Nalin Rastogi,et al.  Integration of tuberculosis screening at an HIV voluntary counselling and testing centre in Haiti , 2001, AIDS.

[69]  K. Laserson,et al.  Population-based chest X-ray screening for pulmonary tuberculosis in people living with HIV/AIDS, An Giang, Vietnam. , 2008, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[70]  H Meme,et al.  The role and performance of chest X-ray for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: A cost-effectiveness analysis in Nairobi, Kenya , 2005, BMC infectious diseases.

[71]  A. Harries,et al.  Deaths from tuberculosis in sub-Saharan African countries with a high prevalence of HIV-1 , 2001, The Lancet.

[72]  A. Harries,et al.  Clinical diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis: an audit of diagnostic practice in hospitals in Malawi. , 2001, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[73]  E. Bateman,et al.  Development and evaluation of a new chest radiograph reading and recording system for epidemiological surveys of tuberculosis and lung disease. , 2005, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[74]  D. Schwartz.  Improved Microscopical Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Developing Countries , 1996 .

[75]  S. Swaminathan,et al.  Unrecognised tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: sputum culture is a useful tool. , 2004, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[76]  A. Sturm,et al.  Diagnosing tuberculosis in a resource-poor setting: the value of sputum concentration. , 1997, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[77]  Hargreaves,et al.  Active case finding: understanding the burden of tuberculosis in rural South Africa. , 2001, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[78]  R. Miller,et al.  BHIVA treatment guidelines for tuberculosis (TB)/HIV infection 2005 , 2005, HIV medicine.

[79]  G. Schoolnik,et al.  An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. An analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[80]  D. Vlahov,et al.  Prevalence of tuberculin positivity and skin test anergy in HIV-1-seropositive and -seronegative intravenous drug users. , 1992, JAMA.

[81]  B. Mangura,et al.  Periodic chest radiography: unnecessary, expensive, but still pervasive , 1999, The Lancet.

[82]  A. Harries,et al.  Interim policy on collaborative TB / HIV activities. , 2004 .

[83]  J. Chrétien.  Tuberculosis and HIV. The cursed duet. , 1990, Bulletin of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[84]  J. Zellweger,et al.  Intra-observer and overall agreement in the radiological assessment of tuberculosis. , 2006, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[85]  J. Paul,et al.  Chronic diarrhoea among HIV-infected adult patients in Nairobi, Kenya , 1998, Journal of Infection.

[86]  G. Aslan,et al.  A comparative study on the different staining methods and number of specimens for the detection of acid fast bacilli. , 2000, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.

[87]  M. Kimerling,et al.  Pulmonary tuberculosis among patients visiting a voluntary confidential counseling and testing center, Cambodia. , 2008, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[88]  P. Hopewell,et al.  Clinical practice. Latent tuberculosis infection. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[89]  Kamran Siddiqi,et al.  Clinical diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in low-income countries: the current evidence. , 2003, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[90]  J. Volmink,et al.  Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV infected persons. , 2004, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[91]  L. Garland.  Studies on the accuracy of diagnostic procedures. , 1959, The American journal of roentgenology, radium therapy, and nuclear medicine.

[92]  M. Pai,et al.  Interferon-γ assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review , 2004 .

[93]  L. Tanoue,et al.  American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America: controlling tuberculosis in the United States. , 2005, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[94]  M. Mendelson.  Diagnosing tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: challenges and future prospects. , 2007, British medical bulletin.

[95]  M. Perkins,et al.  Yield of serial sputum specimen examinations in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. , 2007, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[96]  J. T. Crawford,et al.  The resurgence of tuberculosis: is your laboratory ready? , 1993, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[97]  Garland Lh.  Studies on the accuracy of diagnostic procedures. , 1959 .

[98]  R. Wood,et al.  Pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV infection: radiographic appearance is related to CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. , 1995, Tubercle and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[99]  Paul Nunn,et al.  Diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in people with HIV infection or AIDS in resource-constrained settings: informing urgent policy changes , 2007, The Lancet.

[100]  F. Drobniewski,et al.  Modern laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis. , 2003, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[101]  W. Fox,et al.  A fourth study of case-finding methods for pulmonary tuberculosis in Kenya. , 1982, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[102]  E. Lemma,et al.  Microscopic-observation drug susceptibility assay provides rapid and reliable identification of MDR-TB. , 2008, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[103]  A. Okwera,et al.  Tuberculin reactions in apparently healthy HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women--Uganda. , 1990, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[104]  T. Munir,et al.  Microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay for the diagnosis of TB , 2007 .

[105]  R. Hayes,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus and the prevalence of undiagnosed tuberculosis in African gold miners. , 2004, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.